How Teachers Can Create a Great Lesson Students Love

How Teachers Can Create a Great Lesson Students Love The best teachers can captivate their students’ attention day in and day out. Their students not only enjoy being in their class, but they look forward to the next day’s lesson because they want to see what is going to happen. Creating a great lesson together takes a lot of creativity, time, and effort. It is something that is well thought out with lots of planning. Though each lesson is unique, they all have similar components that make them exceptional. Every teacher has the ability to create engaging lessons that will mesmerize their students and keep them wanting to come back for more. A great lesson engages every student, ensures that every student is meeting the learning objectives, and motivates even the most reluctant learner. Characteristics of a Great Lesson A great lesson...is well planned. Planning starts with a simple idea and then slowly evolves into a tremendous lesson that will resonate with every student. A terrific plan ensures that all materials are ready to go before the lesson begins, is anticipatory of potential issues or problems, and takes advantage of opportunities to extend the lesson beyond its core concepts. Planning a great lesson takes time and effort. Careful planning gives each lesson a better chance to be a hit, to captivate each student, and to provide your students with meaningful learning opportunities. A great lesson†¦grabs students’ attention. The first few minutes of a lesson may be the most critical. Students will quickly decide whether or not they should devote their full attention to what is being taught. Every lesson should have a â€Å"hook† or â€Å"attention grabber† built into the first five minutes of the lesson. Attention grabbers come in many forms including demonstrations, skits, videos, jokes, songs, etc. Be willing to embarrass yourself a little bit if it will motivate your students to learn. Ultimately, you want to create an entire lesson that is memorable, but failing to grab their attention early on will likely keep that from happening. A great lesson†¦maintains students’ attention. Lessons should be outrageous and unpredictable throughout captivating each student’s attention. They should be fast-paced, loaded with quality content, and engaging. Time in class should fly by so quickly that you hear students grumbling when the class period is over each day. You should never see students drifting off to sleep, engaged in conversation about other topics, or expressing general disinterest in a lesson. As the teacher, your approach to every lesson must be passionate and enthusiastic. You must be willing to be a salesman, comedian, content expert, and magician all rolled into one. A great lesson†¦builds on previously learned concepts. There is a flow from one standard to the next. The teacher ties previously learned concepts into each lesson. This shows the students that various concepts are meaningful and connected. It is a natural progression of old into new. Each lesson increases in rigor and difficulty without losing students along the way. Each new lesson should be focused on extending learning from the previous day. By the end of the year, students should be able to make connections quickly as to how your first lesson ties into your last lesson. A great lesson  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is content driven. It has to have a connected purpose, meaning that all aspects of the lesson are built around critical concepts that students at a particular age should be learning. Content is typically driven by standards such as the Common Core State Standards that serve as a guide for what students are supposed to learn in each grade. A lesson that does not have relevant, meaningful content at its core is senseless and a waste of time. Effective teachers are able to build upon the content from lesson to lesson continuously throughout the year. They take a simple concept early on continuing to build upon it until it becomes something complex yet understood by their students because of the process. A great lesson†¦ establishes real-life connections. Everyone loves a good story. The best teachers are those who can incorporate vivid stories that tie in key concepts within the lesson helping students to make connections to real life. New concepts are typically abstract to students of any age. They rarely see how it is applicable to real life. A great story can make these real-life connections and often helps students remember concepts because they remember the story. Some subjects are easier to make these connections than others, but a creative teacher can find an interesting backstory to share on just about any concept. A great lesson†¦provides students with active learning opportunities. A majority of students are kinesthetic learners. They simply learn best when they are actively engaged in hands-on learning activities. Active learning is fun. Students not only have fun through hands-on learning, they often retain more information from this process. Students do not have to be active throughout an entire lesson, but having active components mixed in sporadically at appropriate times throughout the lesson will keep them interested and engaged. A great lesson†¦Ã¢â‚¬â€¹builds critical thinking skills. Students must develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills at an early age. If these skills are not developed early on, they will be almost impossible to acquire later on. Older students who have not been taught this skill may become discouraged and frustrated. Students must be taught to extend their answers beyond the ability to provide the correct answer alone. They also should develop the ability to explain how they arrived at that answer. Each lesson should have at least one critical thinking activity built into it forcing students to go beyond the typically straightforward answer. A great lesson†¦is talked about and remembered. It takes time, but the best teachers build a legacy. Students coming up look forward to being in their class. They hear all the crazy stories and cannot wait to experience it themselves. The hard part for the teacher is living up to those expectations. You have to bring your â€Å"A† game every single day, and this can become a challenge. Creating enough great lessons for each day is exhausting. It is not impossible; it just takes a lot of extra effort. Ultimately it is worth it when your students consistently perform well and even more importantly express how much they learned by being in your class. A great lesson†¦is continuously tweaked. It is always evolving. Good teachers are never satisfied. They understand that everything can be improved. They approach each lesson as an experiment, soliciting feedback from their students both directly and indirectly. They look at nonverbal cues such as body language. They look at overall engagement and participation. They look at diagnostic feedback to determine if students are retaining the concepts introduced in the lesson. Teachers use this feedback as a guide to what aspects should be tweaked and each year they make adjustments and then conduct the experiment again.

Work-life conflict The WritePass Journal

Work-life conflict Abstract Work-life conflict ). For instance, there are employees who are excessively obsessed with their workplace. This therefore limits the time for their family and social life (Rantanen, et al., 2011). This paper discusses the issue of work-life conflict, its common nature, the causes and consequences of the challenge, the psychological understanding of the challenge as well as key policy and legal consequences from the occurrence. Work-life Conflict As aforementioned, this conflict occurs as a result of an incompatibility of demands that work and family place on an individual (Messersmith, 2007). This conflict is bi-directional, meaning that it the productivity of employees at the workplace and also adversely impacts on the delivery of family responsibilities (Rantanen, et al., 2011). According to Robbins and Judge (2012), work-life conflict has two main components. One of these is the practical component that comprises of scheduling issues, where individuals cannot be in more than one place at a time. The other component is the stress that occurs as a result of overloading employees with many responsibilities (Robbins Judge, 2012). The issue of work-life conflict can be classified into several categories. These include role overload, family to work interference and work to family interference (Turner et al., 2014). Role overload is experienced when demands in terms of energy and time – both in their families and at the workplace – are too much for an employer to handle comfortably (Lapierre et al., 2012). Work to family interference occurs when workplace commitments make it challenging to fulfil family responsibilities. Family to work interference refers to the interference of family responsibilities with workplace productivity (ten Brummelhuis et al., 2010). Commonness of Work-life Conflict Even though the technological developments that have taken place within the past decade are expected to have made organisations more flexible in scheduling to reduce work-life conflict, this issue is still rampant in the United Kingdom. For instance, the maximum working hours per week in the UK are 48. However, as established by Crush (2011), there were more than four million Britons working for more 48 hours in 2011. It was also established that more than five million Britons work for an average of more than seven hours per week without payment. In a survey that was carried out by Robert Walters, a recruitment agency, it was found that approximately 30% of human resource professionals, lawyers and financial risk professionals work for more than 50 hours weekly (Crush, 2011). Even though it is impossible to estimate the commonness of all forms of work-life conflicts in the United Kingdom, the mentioned statistics indicate that this issue affects many companies. In terms of gender, Ly ness and Judiesch (2014) argue that women are faced with more work-life conflict issues as compared to men based on the fact that they typically have more family roles than their male counterparts. Causes of Work-life Conflict The different types of work-life conflicts have different causes. One of these is an overload of roles both at their workplaces and in their families, which may be too heavy and taxing to an employee. This makes it practically impossible for the employee to satisfy the role demands on either side of the conflict (Mkel Suutari, 2011). Whereas employers are responsible for overloads at the workplace in most cases, it may also be as a result of an increased ambition by employees, who may take up a lot of work-related responsibilities to achieve certain monetary goals or promotions (Yuile et al., 2012). Conflicts may also occur due to the interference of an individual’s work by family demands and responsibilities, where tasks emanating from the family infiltrate into the responsibilities that are demanded from the employee at the workplace (Yuile et al., 2012). This often happens to single parents who end up having so many responsibilities to their children such that it often lea ds to their arriving at work late or having to think more about their families while at work than they concentrate on their jobs. This may drain the employee’s energy, time and financial resources (Inman et al., 2014 ). Consequences of Work-life Conflict There are many effects that arise from work-life conflict, which all lead to reduced performances in both family and workplace responsibilities. Several researches that have been carried out on of work-life conflict have established that it has a negative impact on both physical and psychological health of individuals. For instance, McNamara et al., (2011) established that work-life conflicts cause burnouts that are more related to emotional exhaustion. They also established that it leads to physical health issues like fatigue, poor appetite and high blood pressure, among others. In another research that was carried out by Mkel and Suutari (2011), it was established that increased work-life conflicts increase depression and stress. Even though many researchers argue that there work-life conflict has adverse impacts on employees, Sullivan, Yeo, Roman, Bell Jr, and Sosa (2013) argue that the intensity of these impacts varies with the individuals being subjected. For instance, he establ ished that married people are more affected than those who are single. Psychological Theories relating to Work-life Conflict Based on the interest that this subject has elicited in researchers, several theoretical frameworks that can be used to understand work-life conflict and work-life balance have been suggested. One of these is overall appraisal and components approach (Tyson, 2012). The overall appraisal approach is referred to as a general assessment of an individual’s life situation. It explains work-life balance as a â€Å"satisfaction and good functioning at work and home, with a minimum of role conflict† (Clark, 2000, p751). It also considers work-life balance as the sufficiency of family and work resources to facilitate effective participation on both sides. Though it has helped in understanding work-life conflict of balance, this theoretical approach has been criticised for being too general in addressing this issue without pointing out the specific components of work-life conflict. The components approach, on the other hand, is based on an understanding that work-life conflict oc curs as a result of several facets, which include involvement, satisfaction and time (Grzywacz Marks, 2000). Thus, for there to be a balance, there has to be a balance in time devotion, psychological investment and satisfaction, both at the workplace and at home. How to Prevent Work-life Conflict Based on the theoretical frameworks that have been mentioned above, it can be argued that it is vital to ensure a work-life balance (Clark, 2000). The management has a role to play in this regard in improving the lives of their employees so as to improve the results of the organisations that they work for. One approach that can be used is introducing alternative working arrangements for employees. This may be done through the introduction of flexibility at work, such as the times of arrival and departure, or even occasionally shuffling work schedules for employees (Ford et al., 2007). This reduces the stress caused by boredom and routines that easily culminate in work-related stress, and get into new and positive changes of their new roles at work (Lyonette et al., 2007). There is however a possibility that the initial stages of routine change might reduce employee productivity as employees may need some time to adjust into their new schedules and roles. Organisations can also provide work-life benefits to employees, so as to enable them have ample times with their families and consequently produce better results for the organization as they perform better at work (Inman et al., 2014). Such employer benefit mechanisms may include being given personal days off especially when the employee has been consistent at work for a long time and has achieved greatly for the firm, as an appreciation (Tyson, 2012). It may also include the provision of facilities that would enable persons to carry out their work responsibilities while at the same time having the confidence that their family matters are well taken care of such as the provision of day care facilities in the office, or the creation of a gym at the gym (Yuile et al., 2012). Besides the mechanisms that organisations may lay in order to aid their suffering employees from mental problems brought about by work-life imbalances, employees may themselves also create measures that may enable them create effective work-life balances (Grzywacz Marks, 2000). For instance, employees may create the social support systems or programs that enable colleagues to guide, support and counsel each other. Key policy and legal requirements that employers must consider Employers in all organisations are bound by legal mechanisms and government policies that obligate them to do certain things and sanction them against doing others (Sansà ©au Smith, 2012). For instance, with reference to the Employment Rights Act 1996 c. 18 Part V, employers are legally bound by the fact that they are meant to create conducive atmosphere for their employees as they carry out their duties (Legislation.gov.uk, 1996). All employees have a right to work under surroundings that augur well with their trade of work and they must be protected from physical and emotional harm that may emanate from their duties (Lyness Judiesch, 2014). Another legal binding is the ‘working hour directive’ (Directive  2003/88/EC). Employers are bound by the legal provisions that require working hours to be at a maximum of 48 hours a week, unless employees willingly choose to work for more (European Parliament, 2003). Any employer who requires his employees to work beyond these hours time must provide overtime remuneration. Such working hours must also be understood to include breaks in between them to allow employees to work better (Yuile et al., 2012). This provision was enacted to ensure that workers are able to even out and balance their work and private lives, where more time is left for the workers to spend with their families in order to improve their psychological situations (European Parliament, 2003). There is the holiday entitlement act requires employers in the UK to allow their employees to take a 5.6 week annual leave every year (Gov.uk, 2014). In addition to this, there are also paternity and maternity leaves that employees are entitled to. These leaves allow them to keep off work to rejuvenate their minds (Hill et al 2010). Employers must therefore ensure that such leave is adhered to and consequently the employees are in a better position to improve their work-life conflicts as they spend more time with their families. Certain organisations go to the extent of paying for holiday for their employees, especially their top management employees, during these periods of leave (Mkel Suutari, 2011). Conclusion This paper has addressed several aspects of work-life conflicts at the workplace. These include its causes, consequences and approaches that companies can use in overcoming this challenge. It has also referred to some theoretical frameworks to help in creating an understanding of this subject. As argued in this paper, work-life conflicts have a major impact on the productivity of employees. This conflict is brought about by several factors which include the heavy workloads that individuals may be accustomed to at their homes and workplaces, work to family interferences and family to work interferences. All these affect the physical and mental capacities of employees, affecting their ability to handle their workplace and family responsibilities. In order to avoid these adverse consequences, organisations need to adopt various mechanisms to ensure that there is a work-life balance among employees. Employers are also legally bound to ensure that their employees are not overworked at the expense of their families. References Armstrong, M. (2008). Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. London: Kogan Page. Clark, S. (2000). Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747-770. Crush, P. (2011, 6 18). What happened to our work-life-balance. The Guardian . European Parliament. (2003). Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time. Retrieved 6 19, 2014, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0088:EN:HTML Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: a meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (1), 57. Gov.uk. (2014). Holidays, time off, sick leave, maternity and paternity leave. Retrieved 6 20, 2014, from https://www.gov.uk/browse/working/time-off Grzywacz, J. G., Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: an ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126. Inman, M., OSullivan, ‎N., Murton, ‎A. (2014 ). Unlocking Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Routledge. Lapierre, L. M., Hammer, L. B., Truxillo, D. M., Murphy, L. A. (2012). Family interference with work and workplace cognitive failure: The mitigating role of recovery experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81 (2), 227-235. Legislation.gov.uk. (1996). Employment Rights Act 1996. Retrieved 6 20, 2014, from legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/V Lyness, K. S., Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work–life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63 (1), 96-129. Lyonette, C., Crompton, R., Wall, K. (2007). Gender, Occupational Class and Work–Life Conflict: a Comparison of Britain and Portugal. Community, Work and Family, 10 (3), 283-308. Mkel, L., Suutari, V. (2011). Coping with work†family conflicts in the global career context. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53 (3), 365-375. McNamara, M., Bohle, P., Quinlan, M. (2011). Precarious employment, working hours, work-life conflict and health in hotel work. Applied ergonomics, 42 (2), 225-232. Messersmith, J. (2007). Managing work†life conflict among information technology workers. Human Resource Management, 46 (3), 429-451. Rantanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Tillemann, K. (2011). Introducing theoretical approaches to work-life balance and testing a new typology among professionals. In Creating Balance? (pp. 27-46). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2012). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Sansà ©au, P. Y., Smith, M. (2012). Regulatory change and work-life integration in France and the UK. Personnel Review, 41 (4), 470-486. Sullivan, M. C., Yeo, H., Roman, S. A., Bell Jr, R. H., Sosa, J. A. (2013). Striving for Work-Life Balance: Effect of Marriage and Children on the Experience of 4402 US General Surgery Residents. Annals of surgery, 257 (3), 571-576. ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Bakker, A. B., Euwema, M. C. (2010). Is family-to-work interference related to co-workers work outcomes? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77 (3), 461-469. Turner, N., Hershcovis, M. S., Reich, T. C., Totterdell, P. (2014). Work–family interference, psychological distress, and workplace injuries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 3(8), 57-71. Tyson, S. (2012). Essentials of Human Resource Management. Oxford: Routledge. Yuile, C., Chang, A., Gudmundsson, A., Sawang, S. (2012). The role of life friendly policies on employees’ work-life balance. Journal of Management and Organisation, 18 (1), 53-63.

Analysis of a Job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of a Job - Assignment Example Further, the traditional career stages will be examined and the plan that will help to avoid declining employee performance during certain stages in the career will be worked out. To appoint the best person for a certain job position, it is essential to understand the nature of that job. Here the job analysis helps to develop such understanding, exploring the tasks that will be performed in a job, the competencies that are required for doing those tasks and the link between the tasks and competencies. Job analysis can also be used to identify not only job requirements, but also fields that need development. For the administrative assistant in the newly formed organization, there should be created specific job description, because such person will deal with everything in the company and will be its ears and eyes. The description of job duties should be practical, clear and accurate to effectively define company needs. The administrative assistant is required to: possess at least one foreign language; to be able to coordinate visitors coming, create agendas and transfer maps; organize business trips (purchase tickets and book accommodation); be able to prepare documents for obtaining visas (to prepare all necessary document that precede visa getting: the invitations, the company guarantee documents, etc.); support company expats and missioners (to prepare all necessary document that precede getting residence permit and the registration in the apartment: the official invitations); assist in creation of corporate business policies and procedures that relate to the position; assist in budgeting the expenses and making the reports of the services and goods related to the position; check and track the correctness of the documents provided by the third parties: the waybills, tax invoices, the write off acts etc.; assist in checking of the correctness of the

Porter and Kotlers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Porter and Kotlers - Essay Example A large number of child center in Australia is now on the industry. ABC needs to survive and increase its profit and has come up and decide to merge with Child Care Center Australia (CCCA) and Peppercorn Management Group (PMG). Action done by its managing director are being analyze in this paper. Suggestion where given to help the company succeed on its aim to increase sale, profits and shares and survival in this stiff and increasing competition. What is an industry As defined in userweb.nni.com an "Industry" is way of classifying businesses that have something in common. Firms are included in or excluded from an industry classification based on the degree of similarity in the products they make or sell and types of customers they service, and the marketplace in which they compete. Industry analysis is a type of business research that focuses on the status of an industry or an industrial sector (a broad industry classification, like "manufacturing"). A complete industrial analysis usually includes a review of an industry's recent performance, its current status, and the outlook for the future. Many analyses include a combination of text and statistical data. Based on the article of Themanager.org, Porters model is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should base on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The objective of corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Porters model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry. 3 1. Main Aspects of Porter's Five Forces Analysis The original competitive forces model, as proposed by Porter, identified five forces which would impact on an organization's behaviour in a competitive market. These include the following: - The rivalry between existing sellers in the market. - The

Starbucks Coffee Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Coffee Essay Starbucks coffee has pursued rapid expansion both at home and abroad. In mid- 2004, Starbucks could boast more than 7,800 outlets around the world, and chairman Howard Schultz and CEO Orin Smith have no plans to slow the growth, ? The company planned at least 1, 300 more stores in 2004 and has a long term goal of reaching 10, 000 outlets in the United States alone. The presidents vision is that the company ? Starbucks? could have as many as 15,000 international stores. Today Starbucks has nearly 1, 500 store outlets in the United States including Europe , Pacific Rim ,Middle East and Mexico. ? Most of Starbucks international stores are now operated as joint ventures with local companies. Starbucks has to go fast or lose the opportunity ? and a local partner can facilitate rapid development of a new market. Executives are learning to adapt the companys operating methods and product offerings to better suit local conditions and tastes. 1) ? How could you classify Starbucks grand strategy and global strategy? Which of Porters competitive strategies is the company using? Explain each answer? ? ? We classified the grand strategy of starbucks pertaining to its Growth. In order for starbucks to sell and market its products is by: ? A. ?Allocating new funds to invest namely like prime locations and lots. Basically any establishment will earn more if the store is located in a highly busy route or place. Potential clients can be marketed. ? B. Investing in hiring the best and qualified personnel. In order for a store to run smoothly , the company should have competent and high breed of people who can manage the store and the same time enjoy the work itself. ? C. ?Purchasing of new set of equipments , glassware , lighting , tables and chairs can be a plus factor for a good ambiance. For the Global Strategy , Starbuck is implementing Transitional process where in they seek to achieve both global integration and national responsiveness. A true transitional strategy is difficult to achieve , because one goal requires close global coordination while the other goal requires local flexibility. However a lot of increased competition means they must achieve global efficiency , going pressure to meet local demands and national responsiveness. Starbucks designs quality stores to sell and market its products to use components in a few larger scale, basically , the company goes global to introduce it to other countries and to increase its market. 2. Discuss how top executives are using leadership structure , information and control systems and or human resource to implement international strategy? What steps would you recommend for implementing drive-through stores or Hear Music coffee houses? ? Top executives uses its leadership qualities by bringing Starbucks on a the right path and showing a vision for the company and its employees. Top executives have several ideas percolating to the companys growth. ? a. Establish rapport and solid partnership or joint venture with other countries makes things cohesive. b. ?Adapting the companys operating methods and product offerings to better suit local conditions and taste. Not all countries have same taste with regards to starbucks products. They sell what is needed and wanted. c. Acquiring highly skilled people barista? who can prepare , serve and enjoy the tasks. 3 Starbucks has typically maintained a uniform look and feel to its outlets and product offerings. What do you think this change might mean for starbucks in terms of further international expansion? ? ?Starbucks is known for there quality of coffee, excellent service and appealing ambiance. We believe Starbucks coffee is a brand and neighborhood name. You can see a starbucks store in a 2 km radius. Basically there everywhere. Making some changes the way they look and maintained a uniform type of set-up can only mean one thing. The Company is growing. Changes are normal. Most of the food and coffee establishments try to change and create ideas to in order to sell new products. As for starbucks , they should do the same to be more competitive and to increase sales and revenues. ?

Ho Chi Minh Essay -- Biography

Ho Chi Minh meaning ‘enlightened one’ was born in Vietnam in the year 1890, to a teacher [Nguyen Sinh Huy] who was employed by the French. Nguyen had a reputation of being very bright and intelligent but he lost his job due his unwillingness to learn the French language, he was a strong nationalist. He taught his children to resist the ruling of the French; they all grew up to become strong nationalists who were willing and ready to fight for the independence of their country, Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh’s sister helped in stealing weapons when she was employed by the French government and sentenced to life imprisonment. Ho Chi Minh was sent to a French school by his father so as to prepare him for the struggle that was about to come against the rule of the French in their country Vietnam. After finishing his studies, he became a school teacher, then a sailor which really enabled him to travel to many countries in the world. By the travelling he made throughout the world , he was able to travel through other colonies of the Roman Empire and found out that the Vietnam’s were not the only ones who were suffering from their exploitation (Brocheux, 2007). Finally in the year 1917 Ho settled in Paris, reading books by different authors [Karl Marx] which were talking about communism eventually being turned into a communist himself. When the French Communist party was formed he became one of the founding members in the year 1920. He planned to take the teachings about communism that he had acquired so as to unite them and teach to the people of Vietnam, and also lead them to their own revolution from the French Empire (Shmoop, 2010). As Ho Chi Minh was preparing for the independence movement in his country Vietnam in the year 1941, it a... ...iation attempts were going on between Ho and Johnson but Hon Chi Minh stood his ground on his main determination of independence of the Vietnamese people under a Communist nation (Brocheux, 2007). Ho Chi Minh was a great nationalist to his country Vietnam. He was ready to go through any strategy so as to liberate his country under a Communist government. He went through much disappointments but the determination never left him. Ho Chi Minh died in the year 1969. References Zhai, Q. (2000). China and the Vietnam wars, 1950-1975. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Shmoop University Inc. (2010). The Vietnam War. Sunnyvale, Calif.: Shmoop University Inc. Johnson, K. F. (2012). Ho Chi Minh: North Vietnamese president. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub. Brocheux, P., & Duiker, C. (2007). Ho Chi Minh: A biography. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Banyan Tree Brand Expansion Essay

1. Identify the primary issues in the case. When expanding the brand globally, the existing methods and new methods need to ensure that brand image and core value must not be diluted by too generic target market or vague market position. When expanding the brand into different countries and regions, the competition within a specific location and competition between different locations are impossible to neglect. 2. What value propositions does Banyan Tree offer as an experiential brand? By leveraging the natural surroundings unique to each location and adding consistency in the designs, facilities (including spas), ambience (including romance), and services (including warm hospitality) offered, Banyan Tree created strong brand identity and a unique value proposition that was associated with self-indulgence and pampering experience. 3. Evaluate Banyan Tree’s expansion plan. What are the potential risks that Banyan Tree should be aware of and how can it mitigate such risks? Banyan Tree’s expansion plan is fast and ambitious. It ensures the brand exist globally in most popular destinations. The positive aspect of the geographic expansion is that it helps to reduce low-revenue period caused by seasonality. It also allows the company to take advantage of cross-marketing opportunities. Besides the expansion plan of new resorts, existing resorts expansion also helps to increase the revenue, and it requires less capital expenditure and cash flow. To offset the investment layouts, plans were in place to commerce selling resort residential properties in Lijiang, China and Bangkok, Thailand. But there were risks involving in it. These include various uncontrollable circumstances other than natural and man-made crises. To mitigate such risks, management agreements are good approaches that can reduce the risks of loss and responsibilities of development and maintenance. Based on current resources, is it realistic and achievable? It is realistic and achievable, but requires time to complete it. Since at present Banyan Tree hotel or resort generally have interest on ownership dependent on a list of variables including familiarity, profitability and partner. It takes time to lease the ownership and to only focus on the management, and it also needs consideration on the benefits and drawbacks comparing with the ownership management. 4. Please take a look at the financial statements and make recommendations for its growth strategy.  According to Banyan Tree’s revenue by geographic region, it shows that there is a large potential market in North-East Asia. At present, the company has done successful business especially in South-East Asia. One of the reasons would be the geographic and cultural similarity. However, the North-East Asia is farther, and the political and economic reasons may also affect the business. What is more, the culture there is slightly different from the one in South-east Asia. However, the North-East Asia market is so big and potentially profitable. First reason is that people are getting richer and more purchasing power in this area, such as people in China. Second, there are abundant beautiful natural scenic destinations where are good locations for building new resorts. Third, at present the service standard in Singapore is still higher than the average level in this area. Therefore, Banyan Tree’s next step should invest on the resorts and hotels in this area, or establish management agreement in order to get into this market quicker with lower capital risks. 5. Explain Banyan Tree’s facilities design style. Banyan Tree’s facilities design style offers a more traditional, luxurious environment with a classic design. This especially is reflected in Banyan Tree Spas.

Nano Robots Essay

ABSTRACT: Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. As no artificial non-biological Nanorobots have yet been created, they remain a hypothetical concept. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites or nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical devices. INTRODUCTION: There are pressing needs in biological research today: the cost of getting new drugs to market is estimated to be 1$ billion by 2015, time to market has increased and failure rates remain shockingly high. Illnesses such as cancer,neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases continue to ravage people around the world. The broad field of nanomedicine seeks to address many of these needs in biology, creating the not so quite as broad discipline of nanobiotechnology. In the last decade, progress in developing nano sized hybrid therapeutics and drug delivery systems has been remarkable. These nanoscale and often multicomponent constructs can be seen as the first nanomedicines, already bringing clinical benefits. A good flow of related technologies is also in development. But are these ‘Nanomedicines’ really new? The educated answer is ‘not really’. The concepts of antibody-conjugates, liposomes and polymer-conjugates stem from the 1970s. At first, they were seen as competing technologies; only one would emerge as a ‘magic bullet’ for all drugtargeting applications. But each has advantages and disadvantages. Antibodies have exquisite potential for selective targeting but, even as humanized proteins, can be immunogenic. Liposomes have high drug-carrying capacity, but can either release drug too quickly or entrap it too strongly and are prone to capture by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), even when polymer coated. Similarly, it is  hard to steer nanoparticles away from the RES after intravenous injection. The ideal delivery system often merges benefits of two or more technologies. As we mark the birth of nanomedicine, it is worth reflecting on the revolution it could bring to healthcare. It is essential that benefits of genomics and proteomics research and advances in drug delivery, are quickly harnessed to realize improvements in diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is already making a key contribution, but this is just the start. There are opportunities to design nanosized, bioresponsive systems able to diagnose and then deliver drugs (theranostics), and systems able to promote tissue regeneration and repair (in disease, trauma and ageing), circumventing chemotherapy. These ideas may seem like science fiction, but to dismiss them would be foolish. Risks and benefits must be addressed carefully to yield useful and safe technologies. An interdisciplinary approach will ensure that the exciting potential of nano medicine’s many facets will be a practical reality in the foreseeable future. The tightly-integrated interdisciplinary team of medical researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, physicists, chemists, and chemical engineers, has an extensive range of expertise to facilitate research on nanomedicine.The long term goal is the development of novel and revolutionary bio molecular machine components that can be assembled and form multi-degree-offreedom nanodevices that will apply forces and manipulate objects in the nanoworld, transfer information from the nano to the macro world, and travel in the nanoenvironment. These machines are expected to be highly efficient, controllable, economical in mass production, and fully operational with minimal supervision. These ultraminiature robotic systems and nano-mechanical devices will be the biomolecular electro-mechanical hardware of future biomedical applications(IGERT). NANOROBOTS: WHAT ARE THEY? Nanorobots are theoretical microscopic devices measured on the scale of nanometers (1nm equals one millionth of 1 millimeter). When fully realized from the hypothetical stage, they would work at the atomic, molecular and cellular level to perform tasks in both the medical and industrial fields that have heretofore been the stuff of science fiction. Nanomedicine’s nanorobots are so tiny that they can easily traverse the human body.  Scientists report the exterior of a nanorobot will likely be constructed of carbon atoms in a diamondoid structure because of its inert properties and strength. Super-smooth surfaces will lessen the likelihood of triggering the body’s immune system, allowing the nanorobots to go about their business unimpeded. Glucose or natural body sugars and oxygen might be a source for propulsion and the nanorobot will have other biochemical or molecular parts depending on its task. Nanomachines are largely in the researchand-development phase [1], but some primitive molecular machines have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch approximately . DISADVANTAGES †¢ The initial design cost is very high. †¢ The design of the nanorobot is a very complicated one. †¢ Electrical systems can create stray fields which may activate bioelectric-based molecular recognition systems in biology. †¢ Electrical nanorobots are susceptible to electrical interference from external sources such as rf or electric fields, EMP pulses, and stray fields from other in vivo electrical devices. †¢ Hard to Interface, Customize and Design, Complex †¢ Nanorobots can cause a brutal risk in the field of terrorism. The terrorism and anti groups can make use of nanorobots as a new form of torturing the communities as nanotechnology also has the capability of destructing the human body at the molecular level. †¢ Privacy is the other potential risk involved with Nanorobots. As Nanorobots deals with the designing of compact and minute devices, there are chances for more eavesdropping than that already exists. Nanotechnology as a diagnostic and treatment tool for patients with cancer and diabetes showed how actual developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works which may help in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical problems. Nanorobots applied to medicine hold a wealth of promise from eradicating disease to reversing the aging process (wrinkles, loss of bone mass and age-related conditions are all treatable at the cellular level); nanorobots are also candidates for industrial applications. They will provide personalised treatments with improved efficacy and reduced side  effects that are not available today. They will provide combined action– drugs marketed with diagnostics, imaging agents acting as drugs, surgery with instant diagnostic feedback. The advent of molecular nanotechnology will again expand enormously the effectiveness, comfort and speed of future medical treatments while at the same time significantly reducing their risk, cost, and invasiveness. This science might sound like a fiction now, but Nanorobotics has strong potential to revolutionize healthcare, to treat disease in future. It opens up new ways for vast, abundant research work. Nanotechnology will change health care and human life more profoundly than other developments.Consequently they will change the shape of the industry, broadening the product development and marketing interactions between Pharma, Biotech, Diagnostic and Healthcare industries. Future healthcare will make use of sensitive new diagnostics for an improved personal risk assessment. Highest impact can be expected if those major diseases are addressed first, which impose the highest burden on the aging population: cardiovascular diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal conditions, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, diabetes, and viral infections. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences Nanomedicine holds the promise to lead to an earlier diagnosis, better therapy and improved follow up care, making the health care more effective and affordable. Nanomedicine will also allow a more personalised treatment for many diseases, exploiting the in-depth understanding of diseases on a molecular level. CONCLUSION: Nanotechnology as a diagnostic and treatment tool for patients with cancer and diabetes showed how actual developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works which may help in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical problems. Nanorobots applied to medicine hold a wealth of promise from eradicating disease to reversing the aging process (wrinkles, loss of bone mass and age-related conditions are all treatable at the cellular level); nanorobots are also candidates for industrial applications. They will provide personalised treatments with improved efficacy and reduced side effects that  are not available today. They will provide combined action – drugs marketed with diagnostics, imaging agents acting as drugs, surgery with instant diagnostic feedback. The advent of molecular nanotechnology will again expand enormously the effectiveness, comfort and speed of future medical treatments while at the same time significantly reducing theirrisk, cost, and invasiveness. This science might sound like a fiction now, but Nanorobotics has strong potential to revolutionize healthcare, to treat disease in future. It opens up new ways for vast, abundant research work. Nanotechnology will change health care and human life more profoundly han other developments. Consequently they will change the shape of the industry, broadening the product development and marketing interactions between Pharma, Biotech, Diagnostic and Healthcare industries. Future healthcare will make use of sensitive new diagnostics for an improved personal risk assessment.

disease essays

disease essays Nobody knows how long there have been people living in the southern part of the African mainland. Experts dates foundings of irontools in the Swaziland to the 4th century. Sailors who were shipwrecked outside the coast of South-Africa had contact with people who earned their living by farming and cattlebreeding. Later on when the Europeans arrived to South-Africa, they found a people on the east coast of Natal who called themselves" A ma zulu". These people were tall and very atleticly build, they could take great effort in both hunting and war and their knowledge to the nature was incredable. The Zulu tribe was once one of South-Africas biggest and most powerful tribes and they managed to stand up against the British until they lost the Zulu war in 1897. The tribes defece system was wery simmular to the system we have in Norway today. The troops were devided into regiments according to their age. And they got military training in diffrent parts of the country, just as we do in Norway today. The Zulues want to keep their tradition and identity alive, but they have a lot to struggle against. The lack of land and the demands from the whites way of life has disturbed their old way of living based on cattlebreeding and farming. The majority of the Zulues today live in the villages near by the mines and the cities where they have their work, others work on farms owned by whites. The zulu society has lost a lot of its stability. But one thing they havent lost is the solidarity to their fellow tribe members, and they are all very keen on maintaining their old cultur, inheritated threw The Zulues are traditionally polygame. They live on farms in huts made of grass and each and every wife has one or two of the huts, one to sleep in an the other one for daily doings. But the women havent only got their own cabins, they`ve got their own corn storage and their own fields too. But snice th...

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners Its common in banking and business to use abbreviations for a wide range of specific business expressions. Youll find each expression followed by the appropriate abbreviations below. Remember that abbreviations and acronyms are used differently in English. Abbreviations are used to replace words or expressions while acronyms simply take the first letter of each word. Its true that some abbreviations are acronyms, but not all. Common Banking and Business Abbreviations Against all risks a.a.r.Account a/cAccount current A/CAccommodation ACC/ACCOMAccount acct.Actual cash value a.c.v.After date a.d.Addition/Additional add.Advise adv.Air freight bill a.f.b.Agency agcy.Agent agt.Air mail transfer a.m.t.Account of a/oAccounts payable A.P.Authority to pay A/PAccounts receivable A.R.All risks a/rArrive/Arriving arr.Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging arr/arrng.Approximate/Approximately approx.Account sales A/S, A.S.At sight a/sAs soon as possible asapAttention attn.Atomic weight at. wt.Average av.Actual weight a/wAir waybill a.w.b.Balance bal.Barrel bar.Barrel bbl.Brought down b/dBill of exchange B/E, b/eBrought forward b/fBefore bfor.Bill of health B.H.Bank bk.Brokerage bkge.Bill of lading B/LBrought over b/oBills payable B.P.By procuration b.p.Bills receivable B.R.Balance sheet B/SBerth terms b.t.Bushel bu.Book value B/VCirca: centaire ca.Chartered accountant C.A. Current account c.a.Cash against documents C.A.D.Cash book C.B.Cash before delivery C.B.D.Carbon copy c.c.Carried down c/dCum dividend c.d.Carried forward c/fCompare cfCost and freight c fClearing house C/HCustom house C.H.Charges forward ch. fwd.Charges paid ch. pd.Charges prepaid ch. ppd.Cheque, check chq.Cost, insurance, freight c. i. f.Cost, insurance, freight and commission c.i.f. c.Cost, insurance, freight, and interest c.i.f. i.Car load c.l.Call of more C/mCredit note C/NCare of c/oCompany co.Cash on delivery C.O.D.Commission comm.Corporation corp.Cash on shipment C.O.S.Carriage paid C.P.Charter party C/PCharters pay duties c.p.d.Corporation cpn.Credit; creditor cr.Cable transfer C/TConstructive total loss c.t.l.Constructive total loss only c.t.l.o.Cumulative cum.Cum dividend cum div.Cumulative preference cum. pref.Commercial weight c/wCash with order C.W.O.Hundredweight cwt.Documents against acceptance; deposit account D/A Documents against payment DAPDebenture db.Deferred def.Department dept.Dead freight d.f.Draft dft.Draft attached dtf/a.Clean draft dft/c.Discount disc.Dividend div.Dayletter DLDaily letter telegram DLTDebit note D/NDelivery order D/ODitto do.Dozen doz.Documents against payment D/PDebtor dr.Doctor Dr.Days after sight d/s, d.s.Deadweight d.w.Dock warrant D/WPennyweight dwt.Dozen dz.European Currency Unit ECUEast European Time E.E.T.For example e.g.Enclosure encl.Endorsement end.Errors and omissions excepted E. O.E.End of month e.o.m.Except otherwise herein provided e.o.h.p.Especially esp.Esquire Esq.Established est.Out exex coupon ex cp.Ex dividend ex div.ex interest ex. int.ex new (shares) ex h.ex store ex stre.ex wharf ex whf.Free of all average f.a.a.Fast as can f.a.c.Freight all kinds f.a.k.Fair average quality; free alongside quay f.a.q.Frequently asked questions F.a.q.Free alongside ship f.a.s. For cash f/cFree of capture and seizure f.c. s.Free of capture, seizure, riots, and civil commotion f.c.s.r. c.c.Free delivery to dock F.D.Free discharge f.d.Following; folios ff.Free of general average f.g.a.Free in bunker f.i.b.Free in and out f.i.o.Free in truck f.i.t.Free on board f.o.b.Free of charge f.o.c.Free of damage f.o.d.Following; folio fol.Free on quay f.o.q.Free on rail f.o.r.Free on streamer f.o.s.Free on truck(s) f.o.t.Free on wagons; free on wharf f.o.w.Floating policy F.P.Fully paid f.p.Free of particular average f.p.a.Freight frt.Freight paid frt. pd.Freight prepaid frt. ppd.Freight forward frt. fwd.Foot ft.Forward fwd.Foreign exchange f.x.General average g.a.Goods in bad order g.b.o.Good merchantable brand g.m.b.Good merchantable quality g.m.q.Greenwich Mean Time G.M.T.Gross national product GNPGood ordinary brand g.o.b.Gross gr.Gross register ton GRTGross weight gr. wt.Gross tonnage GT Home consumption h.c.Height hgt.Hogshead hhd.Head office H.O.Hire purchase H.P.Horsepower HPHeight ht.Integrated data processing IDPThat is i.e.Insufficient funds I/FIndicated horsepower i.h.p.Import imp.Incorporated Inc.Inclusive incl.Interest int.Invoice inv.I owe you I.O.U.Joint account J/A, j.a.Junior Jr.Kilovolt KVKilowat KWKilowatt hour KWhLetter of credit L/C, l.c.Telegram in the language of the country of destination LCDTelegram in the language of the country of origin LCOLanding; loading ldg.Long ton l.t.Limited Ltd.Long ton l. tn.Month m.My account m/aMaximum max.Memorandum of deposit M.D.Months after date M/D, m.d.Memorandum memo.Plural of Mr. Messrs.Manufacturer mfr.Minimum min.Minimum lending rate MLRMoney order M.O.My order m.o.Mortgage mortg.Months after payment M/P, m.p.Mates receipt M/RMonths sight M/S, m.s.Mail transfer M.T.Making-up price M/UName; noiminal n.No account n/a No advice N/ANo commercial value n.c.v.No date n.d.Not elsewhere specified n.e.s.No funds N/FNight letter NLNo noting N/NNo orders N/ONumber no.Not otherwise enumerated n.o.e.Numbers nos.No par value NPVNumber nr.Net register ton n.r.t.Not sufficient funds N/SNot sufficient funds NSFNet weight n. wt.On account o/aOverseas common point OCPOn demand; overdraft O/D, o/dOmissions excepted o.e.Overhead o/hOr nearest offer ono.Order of O/oOpen policy O.P.Out of print; overproof o.p.Owners risk O/R, o.r.Order, ordinary ord.Out of stock O.S., o/sOvertime OTPage; per: premium p.Particular average: per annum P.A., p.a.Power of attorney; private account P/APhase alternation line PALPatent-pending pat. pend.Pay as you earn PAYEPetty cash p/cPecent; price current p.c.Parcel pcl.Paid pd.Preferred pf.Package pkg.Profit and loss P/LPartial loss p.l.Promissory note P/NPost office; postal order P.O.Post office box P.O.B. Post office order P.O.O.Pay on return p.o.r.Pages pp.Postage and packing p pPer procuration p. proPrepaid ppd.Prompt ppt.Preference pref.Proximo prox.Postscript P.S.Payment pt.Please turn over P.T.O., p.t.o.Partly paid ptly. pd.Par value p.v.Quality qulty.Quantity qty.Riot and civil commotions r. c.c.Refer to drawer R/DRunning down clause R.D.C.In regard to   reReceived; receipt rec.Received recd.Redeemable red.Reference ref.Registered reg.Returned retd.Revenue rev.Refused on delivery   R.O.D.Reply paid R.P.Revolutions per second r.p.s.Please reply RSVPRight side up with care R.S.W.C.Railway RyStamped addressed envelope s.a.e.Stock at valuation S.A.V.Sea damaged S/DSight draft S/D, s.d.Without date s.d.Special drawing rights SDRSigned sgd.Sundays and holidays excepted s. h. exShipment shipt.Signature sig.Sue and labor clause S/LC, s l.c.Shiping note S/NSellers option s.o.Standard operating procedure s.o.p. Spot spt.Senior Sr.Steamship S.S., s.s.Short ton s.t.Sterling ster.Stock exchange St. Ex.Sterling stg.Sub voce s.v.Telegraphic address T.A.Trial balance T.B.Telephone tel.Temporary secretary temp.Total loss T.L., t.l.Total loss only T.L.O.Multiple telegram TMTurn over T.O.Transfer tr.Telegram to be called for TRTrust receipt TR, T/RTelegraphic transfer (cable) TT, T.T.Telex TXUrgent UGTUnder separate cover u.s.c.Underwriters U/wsVolt v.Value val.Value-added tax v.a.t.Very good vg.Very high frequency VHFVery highly recommended v.h.r.Wat w.With average WAWaybill W.B.Without charge w.c.West European Time W.E.T.Weight guaranteed wg.Warehouse whse.With other goods w.o.g.Weather permitting; without prejudice W.P.With particular average w.p.a.War risk W.R.Warehouse receipt W/R, wr.Weather working day W.W.D.Weight wt.ex coupon x.c.ex dividend x.d.ex interest x.i.ex new shares x.n.Year y.Yard yd. Year yr.Yearly yrly.

Geordie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Geordie - Essay Example The dialect originated from Celtic, the native tongue of the Brythons or Britains, who occupied the British Isles south of what is today Scotland. Although Roman occupation may have had some influence on this ancient language through the introduction of Latin into elite Celtic society, subsequent invasions by the Anglo-Saxons, tribes from the north of what is now Germany and from Denmark, have left little concrete evidence. A clearer picture emerges with regard to the invaders themselves who, despite having evaded Roman occupation, had had considerable contact with the empire, reflected in the linguistic development of their vernacular. Leith points to such words as cheese, which he traces back to the Latin caseus (Leith 1997, p. 15). With this quite considerable Latin component in their ‘undeveloped, oral vernacular’, they either killed, displaced or absorbed the Celtic population of Northern England, with little evidence that the Celtic language was absorbed together w ith the people (Leith 1997, p 17). When Latin eventually did feature more prominently in the Anglo-Saxon language, it was through writing, the preserve of elite scholars, brought via Christianity from Ireland. From this period come such words as Abbot, Choir, Mass, with clear religious origins (Leith 1997, p. 20). Parallel to this development, the Anglo-Saxon language ceased to be oral vernacular and became a written administrative function in support of the various small kingdoms that had begun to form. Among these, Northumberland was of some importance but the written language that developed here was distinctly different from those in other monarchies, to the extent that the difference impaired mutual comprehension and where these ‘dialects’ could be... This report approves that many of the prominent features of Geordie have already been discussed in a more general context, and are common to a number of Northern dialects. Examples of more specifically Geordie features are a sing-song quality to their speech and rising intonation, followed by a sustained pitch, if the first rising syllable is not the final one. Geordie features a significant component of words that bear close resemblance to original Anglo-Saxon words, some of which have already been discussed. Other features of Geordie are less specific to the Tyneside area and form part of Northern dialects in general or at least some of them, giving the impression of a lively ongoing exchange and continual movement within and between dialects. Trudgill has examined this phenomenon and has predicted the continued existence of the Northeast area dialects, with Geordie set to spread to encompass a larger area that includes Newcastle and surroundings. This paper has traced the historical, political and socio-economic influences that have shaped the modern dialect of Tyneside, highlighted some of the more salient points along the way and, above all, has attempted to portray the complex and overlapping nature of transmission of dialectic features. The picture that has emerged is one of general leveling of dialectic elements, brought about in the past by the standardization attempts to which all English dialects have been subjected.

Architecture and the Culture of Modernism Essay

Architecture and the Culture of Modernism - Essay Example The essay "Architecture and the Culture of Modernism" discovers architecture and culture of modernism. In a world of development, it is considerably argumentative how architecture could actually follow through the different changes. In this paper, a focus on how modern architecture actually faces the demands by which the human society actually need the changes in structures established today shall be well discussed. Judging from the fact that there are still primitive tribes today who live in caves and rude shelters, some have concluded that it has taken man many thousands of years to develop an architectural sense. According to this theory, modern man’s forebears had to grope their way through many ages of mindless development before intelligence began to dawn. Already vast projects were being undertaken. This was in the days of the rebel Nimrod, a man who defied the Creator, put himself prominently before men as a leader and engaged in building city after city, commencing wi th Babel. Men had mastered the art of building with kiln-dried bricks and mortar. Prominent in Babel and well-calculated to catch the eye and dominate the landscape was the lofty temple tower, probably of the ziggurat type of structure, each story stepped back from the one below. The long-lasting influence of those ancient architects in the pyramids of Egypt, the ruins of the Maya empires of Central America, the remains of colossal shrines in Cambodia and India, and the stepped-back structures of New York and other large cities.