Of mice and men - What u think happened in Weed Essay Example for Free

Of mice and workforce What u think happened in Weed EssayIt was getting dark the hot humid winds blew from the starless sky everyplace the heads of exhausted ranch workers in the quiet town of Weed.George, a yearn with the rest of his team headed towards the cabin as Lennie, the friendly giant followed behind. Today had been a long day every worker had been on the field for over twelve hours. Working overtime was the plainly way to make an extra few dollars which was invigoration-and-death to many of the men. As they arrived to the cabin, one by one the men washed and prepared for the next day. The clock hit nine and the cabin went silent, the sounds of George snoring echoed as the others slept in peace.The limited hours of sleep ticked by and were soon over. The next morning arrived as the alarms went send off, the sounds of tired men yawning whizzed from bed to bed as the men got up for a hard day of labour. Once again one by one they lined up for a wash and set of for the field. As chronic Lennie was last to wash and so once again George had to wait as George and Lennie were as one force. George stuck by Lennie through come in his life as he was the only form of family he had. Lennies lacks of knowledge lead to him being Georges responsibility and so George stuck by him throughout everything. However both(prenominal) men left the cabin and set of for the fields.The sun was blazing down, droplets of sweat poured down their faces as they arrived to the fields. Both men had arrived late for the third time this week they got straight to work as the boss fulfil the aired by inspecting how everyone was getting onYou late again georgy boy, carry on this way and ull be hitting the road and that goes for the big one too pointing his scam crooked fingers to the direction of Lennie Wont happen again boss replied George hesitantly. The ranch workers were terrified of the boss, he was a mysterious guy, no one actually knew anything almost him let alone his actual name. He would spend his whole day walking through the fields looking for someone in the wrong for him to pick off on. George unless kept out his way as he didnt want no trouble just wanted to make the money and head off to buy a little coldm house and live the American dream.The day finally came to an end, and on top of everything it was a Friday, looking forward to the deuce days off George and the boys decided to go into town. As the men headed of for the cabin Lennie followed walking half a mile behind the rest as usual singing to him self. Go straight back to the cabin and go to bed, me and the boys gonna hit inta town so dont stay awake instructed George to LennieOk George replied the big fellow, repeating quietly the counsel from George. Lennie made his way back towards the cabin strolling through the bollix updy fields all alone denting gigantic footprints behind him.As he arrived back to the cabin all alone, he watched George and the other men making their w ay for a night out. Although Lennie never asked to join them he felt left out, he felt different and less important as he was the only man left behind. Feeling sympathatic towards himself he decided to go off for a walk instead of going back to an empty cabin.He started walking through the dark muddy fields, his boots covered with large bulks of mud making it hard for him to twist of the ground to take the next step, lost in his own thoughts he carried on walking until his leg finally got stuck so deep in the mud he dropped, his large figure fell to the ground with an impact leaving the ground surface all uneven. He layed motionless on the ground for a few second before deciding to get up. Finally he made an effort to get back to his feet when to his shock he realised a young women standing above him looking down at him offering her hand to pull him up. He gazed into her eyes, his head started spinning her beauty was undescribable her red outline shone aginst the moonlight as her long silky hair ran down her back. Shocked by her beauty Lennie just carried on looking into her eyes, she looked back into his with a missed smile flashing off her face you ok there? the women asked politely you want a hand getting up big man, didnt you see thea call attention no walking through the fields at night its there for a reasonLennie was lost in her beauty, not listening to nothing she say he put out his hand to accept help from the women, she grabbed on to his enormous rough hand trying to pull him up using both her soft hands. She tried to pull the big man off the ground who made no effort to try get up himself, he just gazed into her eyes as if he was lost in them. She used all her strength to help him up but Lennie didnt move an inch. As she released the power, tired of pulling, Lennie gave a slight pull on her left hand.The women came flying down directly ontop of him but hitting her head against the mud. The women layed directly above him, Lennies heart beat ch ange magnitude as the women didnt move, he gently turned her of him to his left. While moving her body of himself he realised droplets of blood on her forehead. Lennies heart rate increased, he started to take long deep breathes and got to his feet instantly. He stood above her to realise she had hit her head onto a rock which layed on the mud. Lennies panic began to increas now that he figured out the women was dead, he was now going to get into trouble once again and let George down.Feeling terrified and confused, Lennie made a run, he ran through the fields falling after every few steps as he realised a light being shone in his direction, it was his boss. What you doing out here at this time big man shouted the boss curiously with his voice echoeing through the fields, however Lennies fear forced him to ignore the boss and carry on running. He ran and ran untill he finaly made it to the cabin. Lennie entered the cabin and went straight to his bunk where he sat up waiting for Geor ge. Hours went past and the men were not back, Lennie left the cabin and stood outside.The winds blew with force and a few minutes later Lennie saw George and the men walking back in the distance, George saw Lennie outside the cabin from a far distance and ran towards him.What you doing up awake at this time, I told u I was going to be latesaid George in a dim and tired voice and unawares Lennie bursted into tears as he explained himself to George about what happened. After hearing the news George also began to panic we have to leave Lennie now both men jammed their bags as the other men fell into their deep sleep and left as they had no other choice. Although Lennie had meant no harm on th women Lennies life would be at risk, he would be blamed for murder and with no evidence to prove his innocence he would most likely be killed. The only way to avoid this was to go on the run so both men set off for the woods to get as far off from the town of weed as possible.

Different Interpretations of Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

Different Interpretations of Taming of the termagant EssaySince there are so many different adaptations of Taming of the Shrew, there are quite a lot of differences when you look it, then when you read it. Especially when you try to imagine the Wooing Scene, in Act 2 Scene 1. Here are a few of import differences I noticed in two of the different adaptations I watched* Gaudete Academy 2010 Production (http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaebQOnnHMU)* Petruchio was a little scared of Katherina when he root met her * Katherina was a lot more harsh, physically* Instead of conference with words, they made Petruchio speak and Katherina act with facial expressions and basically actions. Petruchio You lie in faith. For you are called Kate. orbit Kate. Bonny Kate. And sometimes Kate the curst. (Katherina flicks him annoyingly)* Also Petruchio has long monologues, but sort of they make Katherina respond with actions and not verbally. So Kates actions made it seem like dialogue * There is so much more physical abuse, than verbal abuse Petruchio My super dainty Kate.(Katherina pushes him off the stage)* They change some words and sentences, so the auditory sense understand the jokes and puns* A lot of interaction with the audiencePetruchio Take this of me, Kate of my consolation Hearing thy hearing thy Uh, help? Whats that sir? *Harpy* Hearing thy Harpyishness praised in either town* Taming of the Shrew (1976)(http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdqOHvcD-VU)* Baptista acts a little evil when Petruchio asks for Kates hand in marriage* Petruchio acts a lot more rude, physically* Katherina struggles with Petruchio a lot more* Katherina seems weak, even from the start* Kate doesnt argue as much as in the play* Petruchio over powers Kate a lot, instead of them being equally horrid* Petruchio adds more actions, so it adds more emphasis to the argument * Gremios line stands out more, than in the play script* Taming of the Shrew (CorkShakespeare)This one is very similar to the o riginal play script, so not many points (http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxtQKwHO6xU)* Most of the other adaptations points* Costumes were modernized* Petruchio is very strong-arm

A study into the effectiveness on Homeschooling

A study into the effectiveness on Home educateIn the information age, noesis is one of the most powerful forces in society. At the same time, kin schooling is becoming increasingly prevalent at an amazing rate. As to the utilisation of it, there is a long-running controversial debate. Some people support that home schooling is a popular alternative to traditional didacticsal environment. However, others stand on a very different ground. This phenomenon is often brought into public focus.As we pick out, home schooling means children argon educated at home. Their p arnts play a world-shattering role in the teaching tasks. They can be seen as the teachers at school. Since the human produced the family, home schooling was generated. The education that all people receive consists of home schooling with school education and genial education. Home schooling happens between family members, because of that, home schooling is initially, lasting and it around the people who are educated. Home schooling has a great influence on human beings.To a large extent, this situation is desirable with its many positive aspects. Home schooling affects childrens physiology and psychology. In the physiological aspect, the families provide the material lives of their children. Families influence childrens growth and can establish childrens life habits, and so on. In the psychological aspect, families could guide the personality of their children. The personality, will and character of children are not inborn they need to be cultivated by their families, especially in the early stage of education and family environment. Families make the greatest impressions of the growth of their children, and similarly they are initiative and authoritative.Home schooling could develop the confidence of children. Home schooling is different with school education. Home schooling need children just equality with themselves. During the growth of children, no one has the same life, so the parents s hould take the advantages and disadvantages as a key point in order to their children grow up.School education has a lot of homework. Excessive homework is encroaching on childrens free time and family time, making it difficult for them to engage in activities that are important for their panoptic development (McReynolds 2007). But home schooling doesnt meet homework. Children can do anything what they want to do in the free time.On the other hand, some countries qualifying some conveniences for home schooling. For example, Canadas government provides all the courses for the different levels of students, so the parents could use these materials to teach their children. Even though these students do not go to school, they however can send their homework to the school office to examine and their results will be kept in the files. The government in any case takes charge of these students. These students could take surgical incision in any public examination and the results will b e admitted. Moreover, the most important is the university will acknowledge the results of home schooling.However, some people hold a different attitude, arguing that school education is better than home schooling. Firstly, in the objective of education, school education elucidately reflects the requirement of students, and school education is scientific, clear and explicit. Because of that, the purpose of education is always subjective. Secondly, the analyze with the system, school education has its own organization and financial support. The school education has relatively independent system. And it can conserve the stability and persistence of education. Nevertheless home schooling cannot achieve that. Thirdly, school education has strong to sense of organization, and home schooling is unable to do that.The comparing school education and home schooling, school education has wider range than home schooling. The students in the school can meet different people from the same age, and they should know how to communicate with each other so as to improve their social skills. However, the students just talk with the people they know in home schooling, they cannot develop their social skills and they might be become unsociable.It is a process that the children grow to an adult. There is a vital feature of process, which could not develop without communicate with companion. Even an comminuted adult cannot replace the impact of companionship. Many people presume that a homeschooled child is unhealthily sequestered at home, away from normal social interaction in the broader community (Carlson 2009). Someone may say that the internet is increasing rapidly and home schooling will not have any barriers. It is not true(p) because the internet cannot displace face to face communication, particularly the education of children is active and visualized. It cannot be replaced by machines.Even if the family environment is very good, students cannot realize these experience s when they are in school. School education is more interesting than home schooling. Meanwhile, the school is like a little social, that help children grow up and their abilities can be tested. The abilities and senses of the students are difficult to develop when they graduate from the schools.In my opinion, school education is the education of scientific culture, while home schooling is the education of the life value. To compare twain of them, I think home schooling is more effective than school education. A person who does not have a positive outlook on life, on the world and on value, they will not bring benefit to the society. Even if they have scientific culture, they might bring harm to society. For example, some terrorists have high intelligence and are ability to create missiles, this behavior could harm the safety of society.All in all, I admit home schooling also brings disadvantages. For example, home schooling doesnt have its own organization and financial support. Bu t in many aspects, its merits obviously outweigh its drawbacks.

Sociological Concepts In Understanding Obesity

Sociological Concepts In Understanding ObesityThis essay will look at sociological concepts and concerns that bath help in understanding why corpulency is a public health problem. I will begin by giving a definition of fleshiness, and then address the public health concerns of obesity in relation to sociological concepts such(prenominal)(prenominal) as socio economical circumstance, ethnicity and stigma. I will perform reference to obesity health inequalities throughout this essay. Relevant contemporary literature and policies will be used to support my arguments.BackgroundObesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation that may impair health cosmos Health Organisation (WHO). Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight-for-height that is unremarkably used in classifying obesity in individuals. It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). BMI provides the most profitable population-level measure of obesity as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults (Doak et al 2002). In actual figures the World Health Organization (WHO) defines big(p) as a BMI equal to or more than 25, and obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30. These cut-off points provide a benchmark for individual assessment, but thither is shew that venture of chronic disease in the populations increases progressively from a BMI of 21. Ellaway et al (2005) argues however that (BMI) should be considered as a rough guide because it may not correspond to the same tier in different individuals.In 2004, the average body mass index (BMI) of men and women in the United ground was 27kg/m, which is outside the World Health Organisation recommended healthy range of 18.5-25kg/m2 (Lobstein Jackson-Leach 2007).A great affinity of men than women (42% compared with 32%) in England were classified as overweight in 2008 (BMI 25 to less than 30kg/m2). Thirty-nine per cent of adults had a raised waist circumference in 2008 compared to 2 3% in 1993. Women were more presumable than men (44% and 34% respectively) to bedevil a raised waist circumference (over 88cm for women and over 102 cm for men) (Department of Health, 2008).Several government documents have emphasised the fact that obesity is a major public health problem due to its association with serious chronic diseases such as fibre 2 diabetes, hypertension senior high school levels of fats in the blood that throw out lead to narrowing and blockages of blood vessels, which are all major risk ciphers for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular related deathrate in England and Wales(National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2006).Over weight individuals suffer from a number of problems, such as an increased wear and snarl on joints and the psychological and social difficulties caused by altered body image and stigma such as depression which in turn increases the health send of the National Health Service (NHS) Graham (2004).The incre ase in numbers of obese people means that the population is at a higher risk of suffering from co-morbidities as a response of their weight gain. Many writers have do a link surrounded by people with high BMI and health for exemplification, people with high BMI are seeming to suffer from hypertension and twice as likely to suffer from type- two diabetes and obesity compared to people without hypertension, and half are insulin-resistant (Lobstein Jackson-Leach 2007). ane can therefore infer that obesity is linked with increased mortality and contributes to a wide range of conditions, including ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, stroke, certain cancers, and gall bladder diseases. Risk of disease grows with increasing BMI and is particularly marked at high BMI (Ellaway et al 1997). Consequently this is a public health concern because in economic terms, a lowering of the rates of CVD, cancer and strokes would result in significant reductions in the amount spent on drugs and social care required to lie with these diseases and their effects (Ellaway et al 1997).Socioeconomic Status and ObesitySocioeconomic inequality in obesity is defined as differences in the preponderance of obesity between people of higher and lower socioeconomic precondition (Mackenbach and Kunst 1994). A large body of evidence suggests that socioeconomic differences in obesity exist throughout the world Sobal and Stunkard (1989). These findings suggest that the increase in inequality in income recently observed in many countries including Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and the Russia may be associated with an increase in the burden of obesity. Midtown Manhattan muse was one of the first to highlight socioeconomic differences in obesity it found that obesity was six times more prevalent among women of lower socioeconomic status than those of higher socioeconomic status (Mackenbach and Kunst 1994). James et al (1997) found that people in high socioeconomic status in the United Kingdom, have a reduced risk of obesity compared to those with low socioeconomic status.Socioeconomic status and obesity is a public health concern because among children and adults in high-income countries such as the United Kingdom, lower education level and socioeconomic status have been associated with different markers of poor diet potentially associated with obesity, including lower consumption of fresh growth and vegetables and higher intake of sugar, fat and meat (Northstone and Emmett 2005). Mulvihill (2003) asserts that population groups dietary choices of are often related to socioeconomic considerations. McKee and Raine (2005) suggest that major factors influencing food choices include affordability, accessibility, availability, attractiveness, appropriateness and practicality. This chance ons sense to me in that people of low socioeconomic status are likely to be obese because for them they cannot always afford to buy fresh fruits vegetables have gym membership as this is exp ensive. Some proponents have gone as far as saying that the poor do not eat what they want, or what they know they should eat, but what they can afford (Wardle and Griffith 2001). One could infer that the cost of food is one barrier to adopting healthier diets, especially among low-income households. Studies have suggested that high cleverness food which are usually nutritionally poor because of high amounts of added sugar and fat are relatively cheaper cost than lean meat, fish, fresh vegetables and fruit (Doak et al 2002).On the other side of the coin theoretically one can argue that it not only diet and health and affordability of food that makes people obese, for instance for argument sake one could not afford to buy healthy food but can exercise take up a legal action to keep themselves fit. The reality however is that people low socioeconomic status are likely to be in low income employment where they are likely to work long hours in overtime and have little time with their families or for leisure activities (Scambler 2008) This is consistent with McKee and Raine (2005) finding that individuals from low socioeconomic status make personal other choices over diet, physical activity and other health promoting action, in practice all actions happen in context disadvantaged individuals sheath structural, social, organisational, financial and other constraints in making healthy choices. In addition McLaren and Godley (2008) observed that men in sedentary jobs although one would assume that nature of these jobs that drives the big average body size (due to lack of occupation-based physical activity) existing literature would indicate that they are still more likely than their lower status counterparts to soak up in physical activity in their leisure time.Other sociological concerns regarding socioeconomic status is whether they are any variations in how individuals with different socioeconomic status perceive obesity or overweight. For instance, analyses from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) (1999) survey showed that many respondents with lower socioeconomic status tended to have lower levels of perceived overweight, thus individuals monitoring device their weight less closely, were less likely to be trying to lose weight and less frequently used restrictive dietary practices than those with higher socioeconomic status, after adjusting for sex, age and BMI. Wardle and Griffith (2001) found that, women living in passing affluent neighbourhoods were more likely to be dissatisfied with their weight than women from deprived neighbourhoods. Women, particularly those in disadvantaged situations, face structural, social, organisational, financial and other constraints in making healthy choices. Secondly poorer neighbourhoods provide fewer opportunity structures for health promoting activities than more affluent areas (Ellaway et al 1997). These findings make it very difficult for passe-partout to decide how to target health prom otion activities. Ellaway et al (1997)argues that people who low socioeconomic status focus on the basic issues of survival, whether these be financial including purchasing food at all, let alone healthy sources or social including battling the stigma of poverty and/or overweight and all that is related to it. In my view this suggests that it may be plausible to conclude that where someone lives what socioeconomic status they have and how much they earn can influence his or her opportunities to undertake health promoting activities which in turn may influence body size and shape. Public health policies which aim to reduce the proportion of overweight people in the population should be targeted in deprived local areas, and their facilities and amenities, as well as at individuals (Ellaway et al 1997).Obesity and ethnicityA great deal of confusion surrounds the meaning of ethnicity and in some cases this term is still being Inter-changeable with race (Scambler 2007). Ethnicity however embodies one or more of the following, shared origins or social background shared culture and traditions that are distinctive, maintained between generations, and lead to a sense of identity and group and a vernacular language or religious tradition (Bhopal 2009).There is also repeated evidence of social disparities in the prevalence of obesity and overweight. Data from national surveys key a consistent picture where women, individuals of lower socio-economic position and minority racial/ethnic groups have the highest rates of obesity and overweight (Bhopal 1998). Links have been made why disparities exist in the prevalence of obesity especially among disadvantaged ethnic minority groups. Henderson and Kelly (2005) suggest that these disparities exists because of inequalities in the hostel they argue that people with more knowledge, money, power, prestige and beneficial social connections are better able to control weight gain, either through the ability to make healthy food ch oices (by having greater awareness of, access to, and resources to purchase healthy foods), or through greater opportunities for exercise, and safe play. I agree with this, in my view there is numerous evidence to show that ethnic groups are disadvantaged in term of income, socioeconomic status and employment, the point above suggest to me that ethnic minorities are less likely to have money prestige and social connects that (Henderson and Kelly 2005) suggest will lower the risk of obesity. This view is supported by Sniderman et al (2007) who found no disparities in prevalence of obesity among ethnic groups when he factored in adjustments of socioeconomic status and income.Black ethnic groups have a significantly higher risk of obesity than those in Mixed, Asian, Other and White ethnic groups (Ellaway et al 1997). Children living in deprived areas have a higher risk of obesity than those living in less deprived areas. However, the increased risk associated with exit is greatest for White children, whereas it seems to have much less of an effect for black children. For Asian, Other, and Mixed ethnic children deprivation increases the risk of obesity, but not as much as for White children (Ellaway et al 1997). In my opinion however the measuring of BMI to determine and compare obesity between various ethnic groups remains very sketchy. For example Sniderman et al (2007) asserts that in various sections of the population, the BMI classification is not generally applicable. For instance in when smell at children, the elderly and when comparing ethnic groups.Seidell and Visscher (2000) found that there were some systematic variations in normal BMI across ethnic groups in some Asian populations a particular BMI equates to a higher percentage of body fat than for the same BMI in a white European population. In these Asian populations, the risks of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease increase at a BMI below the standard cut-off value of 25 kg/m2. In other po pulations, such as black populations, the opposite is true and a particular BMI corresponds to a lower percentage of body fat and consequently lower risks of morbidity and mortality than in a white European population. When comparing obesity in different ethnic groups. Seidell and Visscher (2000) suggest that using a more different definition such as waist to hip ratio rather than standard BMI.Obesity and StigmaPhysical deviance has been conceptualised as a stigma by Goffman (1963) defines as any attribute that is deeply discrediting to an individual. In addition to what he calls the abominations of the body or the physical deformities, he lists the tribal stigmas of race, religion, and social class, and what he calls the blemishes of individual character, such as mental illness, addiction, alcoholism, and homosexuality (DeJong, 1980). Goffman (1963) argues that individuals who possess a spoiled identity as a result of their stigma, the consequences can be severe, regardless of the particular nature of the stigma. Although a bit extreme people with stigmatised conditions are viewed as not quite human and are subject to discrimination and outright rejection or dodge (DeJong, 1980). As a result, the stigmatised learn to continually monitor their self-presentation and to consciously devise strategies of interaction. In spite of those efforts, however, a stigma can continue to intrude itself into the interaction, and its possessors may come to feel that their identity is strictly defined in terms of it (DeJong, 1980).On the other hand all the above writers fail to list obesity among the physical stigmata. There is a certain irony in that fact, for some have argued that the obese are subject to a particularly severe degree of ridicule, humiliation, and discrimination. I would argue that perhaps Goffman (1963) and (DeJong, 1980) did not include obesity as in that time being obese held different stature in the society than it does now, for example wealth and physica l presents. Secondly I would infer that research into the links of obesity and health were not widely publicised as they do now. SomeScambler (2008) takes a functionalists view that those who possess certain discredited conditions that result in stigma have acquired their deviate status through the commission of deviant acts. In this day and age obesity is seen by some as a discredited condition, this normally results in ideas that obese people are creditworthy for their condition, in other words they have put themselves in that condition. DeJong (1980) agrees with this notion that people that possess stigmatising conditions are almost always seen as having responsibility for acquiring and controlling their deviant status. Wright (1960) contrasts this by stressing that individuals with a physical stigma are not usually held personally responsible for their condition. Nonetheless in terms of obesity this works both ways the genetic component that the stigmatised individual has no co ntrol or responsibility no matter how much dieting and exercise he or she does, and the self inflicted individual who is seen to stuff themselves with fatty foods. Wright (1960) suggests that most physical attributes of the body are viewed as determined by genetic and environmental forces beyond an individuals personal control.Quintessentially in the case of obesity observations have frequently been noted to be extremely negative toward the obese, this seems to arise from the belief that obesity is caused by self indulgence, gluttony, or laziness. In short, the obese do seem to be held personally responsible for their physical condition (DeJong, 1980).Obese individuals are commonly doomed for their excess weight, are socially disliked, and are the targets of pervasive negative stereotypes such as having a lack of self-discipline (Puhl and Brownell 2001). Obese people are highly stigmatised and face different forms of discrimination and prejudice because of their weight (Brownell et al 2005).Stigma and obesity is a public health concern as Puhl and Brownell (2001) found that health-care professionals (physicians, nurses, psychologists, and medical examination students) possess negative attitudes toward obese people. They suggest that obese people are not only stigmatised by the society but by the health professional that are meant to deliver help to them. A study of British healthcare professionals found that providers perceived overweight people to have reduced self-esteem, sexual attractiveness, and health. healthcare professionals believed that physical inactivity, overeating, food addiction, and personality characteristics were the most important causes of overweight (Puhl and Brownell 2001).Attitudes obese people amongst healthcare professionals is a major public health concern in that it sometimes influences how this group excess health given the fact that they are a high risk population in terms of more prevalence to a number of physical health issues . Puhl and Heuer (2009) found that obese patients who experience stigma in health-care settings may delay or forgo essential intervention care. Mitchell et al (2008) discovered in their study that obese individuals are less likely to undergo screenings for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer for women with a BMI greater than 55 kg/m2, 68% reported that they delayed seeking health care because of their weight, and 83% reported that their weight was a barrier to getting appropriate health care. When asked nigh specific reasons for delaying care, women reported disrespectful treatment and negative attitudes from health professionals, embarrassment about being weighed, receiving unsolicited advice to lose weight, and gowns, exam tables, and other equipment being as well as small to be functional.Removing the stigma-related barriers to receiving screenings may help to diminish the relationship between excess body weight and mortalities (Mitchell et al 2008).Puhl and Heuer (2009) a rgues that and I am convinced by their view that disapproval by the society leaves overweight and obese individuals vulnerable to social injustice, unfair treatment, and impaired quality of life as a result of substantial disadvantages and stigma. Crawley (2004) found in his study that among females, a negative correlation between body weight and wages. He argues the explanation is that obesity lowers wages for example, by lowering productivity or because of work placed discrimination, secondly is that low wages cause obesity.ConclusionWhere someone lives what socioeconomic status they have and how much they earn can influence the choices they make about their health. Ethnic disparities in the prevalence of obesity still exist in the United Kingdom. Sociological concepts can assist us in understanding how to deal with obesity given known link between poor diets during pregnancy is a risk factor for low birth weight, which in turn has been associated with abdominal obesity in adultho od Crawley (2004).

Analysis of Land Consumption Rates

summary of lay Consumption RatesCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Back ca habit to the playing fieldStudies abide shown that there remains just few lendscapes on the Earth that are allay in there natural state. Due to anthropogenic activities, the Earth dig up is being signifi sewertly adapted in some manner and mans presence on the Earth and his apply of shoot has had a profound effect upon the natural environment thus resulting into an unmistakable pattern in the primer coat use/ down prolong over fourth dimension.The place down use/ cut down suppress pattern of a region is an outdevelopment of natural and socio economic factors and their drill by man in time and quad. Land is becoming a scarce vision due to immense outlandish and demographic pressure. Hence, study on land use / land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to attend the increase demands for basic human being need s and welfare. This learning also assists in monitoring the kinetics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing world.Land use and land cover multifariousness has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental flips. The advancement in the concept of vegetation interpret has greatly increased research on land use land cover lurch thus providing an accurate rating of the spread and health of the worlds woodland, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority.Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of mans activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use wobble, observations of the earth from space provide goalive information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past geezerhood, information from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in symboliseping the Earths features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change.Remote Sensing (RS) and geographical Information System (GIS) are now providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth system function, patterning, and change at local, regional and global scurfs over time such data also provide an important link mingled with intensive, localized ecological systemal research and regional, issue and international conservation and management of biological diversity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996).Therefore, attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of land use land cover of Ilorin between 1972 and 2001 with a view to sleuthing the land economic consumption rate and the changes that has taken place in this status peculiarly in the built-up land so as to predict possible changes that might take place in this status in the next 14 years utilize two Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing data.1.2 Statement of the ProblemIlorin, the Kwara State, capital has witnessed remarkable expansion, growth and schoolingal activities such as building, road turn, de toneation and more former(a) anthropogenic activities since its inception in 1967 just the like many other state capitals in Nigeria. This has therefore resulted in increased land consumption and a modification and alterations in the status of her land use land cover over time without any slender and comprehensive attempt (as provided by a Remote Sensing data and GIS) to evaluate this status as it changes over time with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and also make attempt to predict akin and the possible changes that may occur in this status so that planners can have a basic tool for planning. It is therefore necessary for a study such as this to be carried out if Ilorin will avoid the associated problems of a growing and expanding city like many others in the world.1.3 Justification for the StudyAttempt has been made to document the growth of Ilorin in the past but that from an forward pass photography (Olorunfemi, 1983). In recent times, the dynamics of Land use Land cover and particularly settlement expansion in the sweep requires a to a greater end powerful and sophisticated system such as GIS and Remote Sensing data which provides a general extensive synoptic coverage of stupendous lands than area photography1.4 Aim and Objectives1.4.1 AimThe aim of this study is to produce a land use land cover map of Ilorin at antithetical epochs in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built-up land and later predict likely changes that might take place in the same over a given period.1.4.2 ObjectivesThe following specific objectives will be pursued in order to achieve the aim supra.To create a land use land cover classification schemeTo determine the trend, spirit, rate, location and magnitude of land use l and cover change.To forecast the next pattern of land use land cover in the area.To generate data on land consumption rate and land absorption coefficientsince much emphasis is placed on built-up land.To evaluate the socio economic implications of predicted change.1.5 The Study AreaThe study area (Ilorin) is the capital of Kwara State. It is located on latitude 80 31 N and 40 35 E with an Area of about 100km square (Kwara State Diary1997). Being situated in the transitional zone between the forest and the savanna region of Nigeria i.e. the North and the westerly coastal region, it therefore serves as a melting dot between the northern and southern culture.(Oyebanji, 1993).Her geology consists of pre-Cambrian basement tortuous with an elevation which ranges between 273m to 333m in the West and 200m to 364m in the East.The landscape of the region (Ilorin) is relatively flat, this means it is located on a plain and is crested by two large rivers, the river Asa and Oyun which flow s in North South direction divides the plain into two Western and Eastern part (Oyebanji, 1993).The climate is humid tropical token and is characterized by wet and dry seasons (Ilorin Atlas 1981). The wet season begins towards the end of March and ends in October. A dry season in the town begins with the barrage of tropical continental air mass commonly referred to as harmattan. This wind is usu wholey predominant between the months of November and February (Olaniran 2002).The temperature is uniformly high throughout the year. The mean periodical temperature of the town for the period of 1991 2000 varies between 250 C and 29.50 C with the month of March having about 300C.Ilorin falls into the southern savanna zone. This zone is a transition between the high forest in the southern part of the country and the far North with woodland properties. (Osoba, 1980). Her vegetation is characterized by scattered tall tree shrubs of between the height of ten and twelve feet. Oyegun in 1993 described the vegetation to be predominantly covered by derived savannah found in East and West and are noted for their dry lowland rainforest vegetal cover.As noted by Oyegun in 1983, Ilorin is one of the fastest growing urban centers in Nigeria. Her rate of commonwealth growth is much higher than for other cities in the country (Oyegun, 1983). Ilorin city has grown in both population and areal extent at a fast pace since 1967 (Oyegun, 1983). The Enplan group (1977) prescribes the population at 400,000 which made it then the sixth largest town in Nigeria. The town had a population of 40, 990 in 1952 and 208, 546 in 1963 and was estimated as 474, 835 in 1982 (Oyegun, 1983). In 1984, the population was 480, 000 (Oyegun, 1985). This trend in population growth rate shows a rapid growth in population. The growth rate between 1952 and 1963 according to Oyebanji, 1983 is put at 16.0 which is higher than other cities in the country. The population as estimated by the 1991 population cen sus was put at 570,000.1.6 Definition of Terms(i) Remote sensingCan be defined as any process whereby information is gathered about an object, area or phenomenon without being in contact with it. Given this rather general definition, the term has come to be associated more specifically with the gauging of interactions between earth surface materials and electromagnetic energy. (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1).(ii) Geographic Information systemA computer assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1).(iii) Land useThis is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources.(iv) Land coverImplies the visible or natural state of the Eaths surface.CHAPTER TWO2.1 LITERATURE REVIEWAccording to Meyer, 1999 every parcel of land on the Earths surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earths surface. The use to which we put land could be grazing, agriculture, urban development, logging, and mine among many others. While land cover categories could be cropland, forest, wetland, pasture, roads, urban areas among others. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include other things such as human structures, soil type, biodiversity, surface and ground water (Meyer, 1995).Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either until now is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affects biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, draw gas emissions and other processes that come together to affect climate and biosphere (Riebs ame, Meyer, and Turner, 1994).Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover to sidereal day is altered principally by direct human use by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forest and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion and crops arise cities damaged by tropospheric ozone resulting from automobile exhaust (Meyer, 1995).Hence, in order to use land optimally, it is not only necessary to have the information on exist land use land cover but also the capability to monitor the dynamics of land use resulting out of both changing demands of increasing population and forces of nature acting to shape the landscape.Conventional g round methods of land use mapping are labor intensive, time consuming and are make relatively infrequently. These maps soon become outdated with the passage of time, particularly in a rapid changing environment. In fact according to Olorunfemi (1983), monitoring changes and time series analysis is quite difficult with traditional method of surveying. In recent years, satellite remote sensing techniques have been create, which have proved to be of immense encourage for preparing accurate land use land cover maps and monitoring changes at regular intervals of time. In case of inaccessible region, this technique is perchance the only method of obtaining the required data on a cost and time effective fanny.A remote sensing device records response which is base on many characteristics of the land surface, including natural and artificial cover. An interpreter uses the element of tone, texture, pattern, shape, size, shadow, site and association to derive information about land cove r.The generation of remotely sensed data/ delineations by various types of sensor flown aboard different platforms at varying heights above the terrain and at different times of the day and the year does not lead to a simple classification system. It is often believed that no single classification could be employ with all types of imagery and all scales. To date, the most successful attempt in developing a general purpose classification scheme compatible with remote sensing data has been by Anderson et al which is also referred to as USGS classification scheme. Other classification schemes available for use with remotely sensed data are basically modification of the above classification scheme.Ever since the launch of the inaugural remote sensing satellite (Landsat-1) in 1972, land use land cover studies were carried out on different scales for different users. For instance, waste land mapping of India was carried out on 11 million scales by NRSA using 1980 82 landsat multi spect ral scanner data. astir(predicate) 16.2% of waste lands were estimated based on the study.Xiaomei Y, and Rong Qing L.Q.Y in 1999 noted that information about change is necessary for updating land cover maps and the management of natural resources. The information may be obtained by visiting sites on the ground and or extracting it from remotely sensed data.Change perception is the process of detecting differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times (Singh, 1989). Change detective work is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban development because it provides quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the population of interest.Macleod and Congation (1998) list four aspects of change detection which are important when monitoring natural resourcesi. Detecting the changes that have occurredii. Identifying the nature of the changeiii. Measuring the area extent of the changeiv. Assessing the spatial p attern of the changeThe basis of using remote sensing data for change detection is that changes in land cover result in changes in radiance values which can be remotely sensed. Techniques to perform change detection with satellite imagery have become numerous as a result of increasing versatility in manipulating digital data and increasing computer power.A wide variety of digital change detection techniques have been developed over the last two decades. Singh (1989) and Coppin Bauer (1996) summarize eleven different change detection algorithms that were found to be documented in the literature by 1995. These include1. Mono-temporal change delineation.2. Delta or post classification comparisons.3. Multidimensional temporal feature space analysis.4. Composite analysis.5. Image differencing.6. Multitemporal linear data transformation.7. Change vector analysis.8. Image regression.9. Multitemporal biomass index10. Background subtraction.11. Image ratioingIn some instances, land use land cover change may result in environmental, social and economic impacts of greater damage than benefit to the area (Moshen A, 1999). Therefore data on land use change are of great importance to planners in monitoring the consequences of land use change on the area. Such data are of value to resources management and agencies that plan and assess land use patterns and in modeling and predicting future changes.Shosheng and Kutiel (1994) investigated the advantages of remote sensing techniques in relation to field surveys in providing a regional description of vegetation cover. The results of their research were used to produce four vegetation cover maps that provided new information on spatial and temporal distributions of vegetation in this area and allowed regional quantitative assessment of the vegetation cover.Arvind C. Pandy and M. S. Nathawat (2006) carried out a study on land use land cover mapping of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanger districts, Hangana State in India. They find that the heterogeneous climate and physiographic conditions in these districts has resulted in the development of different land use land cover in these districts, an paygrade by digital analysis of satellite data indicates that majority of areas in these districts are used for agricultural purpose. The hilly regions exhibit fair development of reticent forests. It is inferred that land use land cover pattern in the area are generally controlled by agro climatic conditions, ground water potential and a host of other factors.It has been noted over time through series of studies that Landsat Thematic Mapper is adequate for general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas. As a result, this reduces the need for expensive and time consuming ground surveys conducted for validation of data. Generally, satellite imagery is able to provide more frequent data collection on a regular basis unlike aerial photographs which although may provide more geometrically accurate maps, is limited i n admire to its extent of coverage and expensive which means, it is not often used.In 1985, the U.S Geological Survey carried out a research program to produce 1250,000 scale land cover maps for Alaska using Landsat MSS data (Fitz Patrick et al, 1987).The State of Maryland Health Resources Planning Commission also used Landsat TM data to create a land cover data set for inclusion in their Maryland Geographic Information (MAGI) database. All seven TM bands were used to produce a 21 class land cover map (EOSAT 1992). Also, in 1992, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources completed mapping the entire State of Georgia to identify and quantify wetlands and other land cover types using Landsat Thematic Mapper data (ERDAS, 1992). The State of southern Carolina Lands Resources Conservation Commission developed a precise land cover map composed of 19 classes from TM data (EOSAT, 1994). This mapping effort employed multi-temporal imagery as well as multi-spectral data during classifi cation.An analysis of land use and land cover changes using the combination of MSS Landsat and land use map of In dosia (Dimyati, 1995) reveals that land use land cover change were evaluated by using remote sensing to calculate the index of changes which was done by the superimposition of land use land cover images of 1972, 1984 and land use maps of 1990. This was done to analyze the pattern of change in the area, which was rather difficult with the traditional method of surveying as noted by Olorunfemi in 1983 when he was using aerial photographic approach to monitor urban land use in developing countries with Ilorin in Nigeria as the case study.Daniel et al, 2002 in their comparison of land use land cover change detection methods, made use of 5 methods viz traditional post classification cross tabulation, cross correlation analysis, nervous networks, knowledge based expert systems, and image segmentation and object oriented classification. A combination of direct T1 and T2 cha nge detection as well as post classification analysis was employed. Nine land use land cover classes were selected for analysis. They observed that there are merits to each of the five methods examined, and that, at the point of their research, no single approach can solve the land use change detection problem.Also, Adeniyi and Omojola, (1999) in their land use land cover change evaluation in Sokoto Rima Basin of North Western Nigeria based on Archival Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, used aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, SPOT XS/Panchromatic image transparentness and Topographic map sheets to study changes in the two dams (Sokoto and Guronyo) between 1962 and 1986. The work revealed that land use land cover of both areas was unchanged before the construction while settlement alone covered most part of the area. However, during the post dam era, land use /land cover classes changed but with settlement still remaining the largest.CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Introductio nThe procedure adopted in this research work forms the basis for deriving statistics of land use dynamics and subsequently in the overall, the findings.3.2 info Acquired and SourceFor the study, Landsat satellite images of Kwara State were acquired for three Epochs 1972, 1986 and 2001. Both 1972 and 1986 were obtained from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) an Earth Science Data Interface, while that of 2001 was obtained from National Space Research and Development Agency in Abuja (NASRDA). 0n both 2001 and 1986 images, a notable feature can be observed which is the Asa dam which was not yet constructed as of 1972.It is also important to state that Ilorin and its environs which were carved out using the local government boundary map and Nigerian Administrative map was also obtained from NASRDA. These were brought to Universal Transverse Marcator projection in zone 31.Table 3.1 Data Source3.2.1 Geo-referencing Properties of the ImagesThe geo-referencing properties of both 1986 2001 are the same while imagethinning was applied to the 1972 imagery which has a resolution of 80m using a factor of two to modify its properties and resolution to conform to the other two has given belowData type rgb8File type binaryColumns 535Rows 552Referencing system utm-31Reference unit of measurements mUnit distance 1 negligible X 657046.848948Maximum X 687541.848948Minimum Y 921714.403281Maximum Y 953178.403281Min Value 0Max Value 215Display Minimum 0Display Maximum 215Image thinning was carried out through contract contract generalizes an image by reducing the number of rows and columns while simultaneously decrease the cell resolution. Contraction may take place by pixel thinning or pixel aggregation with the contracting factors in X and Y being independently defined. With pixel thinning, every nth pixel is kept while the remaining is thrown away.3.3 Software UsedBasically, five software were used for this project viz(a) ArcView 3.2a this was used for displaying and subsequen t processing and enhancement of the image. It was also used for the carving out of Ilorin region from the whole Kwara State imagery using both the admin and local government maps.(b) ArcGIS This was also used to compliment the display and processing of the data(c) Idrisi32 This was used for the development of land use land cover classes and subsequently for change detection analysis of the study area.(d) Microsoft word was used basically for the presentation of the research.(e) Microsoft Excel was used in producing the bar graph.3.4 Development of a smorgasbord SchemeBased on the priori knowledge of the study area for over 20 years and a brief reconnaissance survey with additional information from previous research in the study area, a classification scheme was developed for the study area after Anderson et al (1967). The classification scheme developed gives a rather broad classification where the land use land cover was identified by a single digit.Table 3.2 Land use land cover classification schemeThe classification scheme given in table 3.2 is a modification of Andersons in 1967The definition of waste land as used in this research work denotes land without scrub, sandy areas, dry grasses, rocky areas and other human induced barren lands.3.5 Limitation(s) in the StudyThere was a major limitation as a result of resolution difference. Landsat image of 1972 was acquired with the multi spectral scanner (MSS) which has a spatial resolution of 80 meters, whilst the images of 1986 and 2001 were acquired with Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) respectively. These both have a spatial resolution of 30 meters. Although this limitation was corrected for through image thinning of the 1972, it still prevented its use for projecting into the future so as to have a consistent result. Apart from this, it produced an arbitrary classification of water organic structure for the 1972 classification.3.6 Methods of Data AnalysisSix main methods of data analy sis were adopted in this study.(i) Calculation of the Area in hectares of the resulting land use/land cover types for each study year and subsequently comparing the results.(ii) Markov Chain and cellular Automata Analysis for predicting change(iii) Overlay Operations(iv) Image thinning(v) Maximum likeliness Classification(vi) Land Consumption Rate and Absorption CoefficientThe fist three methods above were used for identifying change in the land use types. Therefore, they have been combine in this study.The comparison of the land use land cover statistics assisted in identifying the plowshare change, trend and rate of change between 1972 and 2001.In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and the percentage change for each year (1972, 1986 and 2001) measured against each land use land cover type. Percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing observed change by sum of changes multiplied by 100(trend ) percentage change = observed change * 100Sum of changeIn obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of study year 1972 1986 (14years) 1986 2001 (15years)Going by the second method (Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata Analysis), Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when changes and processes in the landscape are difficult to describe. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of the at once preceding state. Markovian chain analysis will describe land use change from one period to another and use this as the basis to project future changes. This is achieved by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which shows the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time period .The transition probability may be accurate on a per category basis, but t here is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrences within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata (CA) was used to add spatial character to the model.CA_Markov uses the output from the Markov Chain Analysis particularly Transition Area file to apply a contiguity get across to grow out land use from time two to a later time period. In essence, the CA will develop a spatially explicit weighting more heavily areas that proximate to existing land uses. This will ensure that land use change occurs proximate to existing like land use classes, and not wholly random.Overlay operations which is the last method of the three, identifies the actual location and magnitude of change although this was limited to the built-up land. Boolean logic was applied to the result through the reclass module of idrisi32 which assisted in mapping out separately areas of change for which magnitude was later calculated for.The Land consumption rate and absorption coefficient formula are gi ve belowL.C.R = AP A = areal extent of the city in hectaresP = populationL.A.C = A2 A1P2 P1 A1 and A2 are the areal extents (in hectares) for the early and later years, and P1 and P2 are population figure for the early and later years respectively (Yeates and Garner, 1976)L.C.R = A measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city.L.A.C = A measure of change in consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban populationBoth the 2001 and 2015 population figures were estimated from the 1991 and the estimated 2001 population figures of Ilorin respectively using the recommended National Population Commission (NPC) 2.1% growth rate as obtained from the 1963/1991 censuses.The first task to estimating the population figures was to multiply the growth rate by the census figures of Ilorin in both years (1991, 2001) while subsequently dividing same by 100. The result was then multiplied by the number of years being projected for, the result of whic h was then added to the base year population (1991, 2001). This is represented in the formula belown = r/100 * Po (1)Pn = Po + (n * t) (2)Pn = estimated population (2001, 2015) Po = base year population (1991 2001 population figure)r = growth rate (2.1%) n = annual population growtht = number of years projecting for*The formula given for the population estimate was developed by the researcherIn evaluating the socio economic implications of change, the effect of observed changes in the land use and land cover between 1972 and 2001 were used as major criteria.CHAPTER quaternityDATA ANALYSIS4.0 IntroductionThe objective of this study forms the basis of all the analysis carried out in this chapter. The results are presented inform of maps, charts and statistical tables. They include the static, change and projected land use land cover of each class.4.1 Land Use Land Cover DistributionThe static land use land cover distribution for each study year as derived from the maps are presente d in the table belowLANDUSE/LAND COVERCATEGORIES197219862001AREA(Ha.)AREA(%)

How Food is Viewed in the American Culture Essay examples -- nutrition

Most people wouldnt deny that food for thought is vital to everyday life, but maybe it has more importance than just simply nourishing our bodies. According to Carole M. Counihan, a doctor of anthropology, food is so important that society has constructed rules regarding its consumption. Counihan emphasizes in her 1992 Anthropology Quarterly article, sustainment Rules in the United States Individualism, Control and Hierarchy, that these rules serve as the means through which human beings construct reality (Counihan, 1992, p. 55). Counihan advocates for the importance of news reporting food rules by explaining that adorership closely how food is viewed in our culture can do three things improve understanding of other cultures food rules, allow nutrition education programs to mesh with these rules, and reveal an aspect of society that helps maintain our current stratification system, which has not been thoroughly examined yet (Counihan, 1992). Through her study of food journals kept by American college students, Counihan argues that their adherence to food rules suggests that students strongly believe in self-control and individualism. Consequently, these beliefs reinforce our current social hierarchies, specifically classism, racism, and sexism. Counihans argument that our rules about food allow for the perpetuation of sexism is a compelling one that I very much agree with. I have personally seen my best friend plan her entire diet and exercise regimen based on what her boyfriend thinks. Although this article was written in 1992, I believe the message it conveys allow still be applicable in years to come. Counihans argument is multifaceted she explores a school of thought that college students follow certain rules about food that have been int... ... is important. But now that we have done so, it is even more important that we take steps to change what is happening. Thats why the recent tenseness on being healthy rather than thin and campaigns like t he Dove Beauty Campaign where women are encouraged to see the beauty in how they shortly are so monumental to changing what Americans value. Even though Counihan wrote this article eighteen years ago, it still has applications today. I do question her study methods. development a small sample of food journals from students being taught to think anthropologically could skew results. I would be very interested to see a larger study done today, especially with some progress being made in the adaptation of Americas values.Works CitedCounihan, C. M. (1992). Food Rules in the United States Individualism, Control, and Hierarchy. Anthropology Quarterly, 65(2), 55-66.

Henry Matisses Madam Matisse: The Green Line Essays -- Art Analysis

Madam Matisse The squirt LineHenry Matisse, one of the most influential members of the fauvist movement, was responsible for much of the attention brought to it and its respective members. one of his works, Madame Matisse The Green Line, more or less serves as an excellent example of what he was trying to accomplish in art the use of color to talk and convey emotions.The composition of the work consists of a portrait of Madame Matisse in the foreground and a desktop divided into several distinct areas of color. The division in the background is apparent in the juxtaposition of the mauve, orange and blue green, with the foreground divided primarily by the green strip itself, which runs down the middle of Madam Matisses face and separates the image along a vertical axis. The background and foreground, however, are rendered almost completely flat, so that they seem to blend in part of one another, and Madame Matisse seems to become somewhat of a portrait within a portrait. The space in the portrait is more or less two dimensional, with only a dismiss hint of depth illustrated by a dark area of shading above Madame Matisses left shoulder. The perspective is entirely frontal with her torso go to the left and her head slightly to the right. Color, along with the subject of Madame Matisse, is the focus and most important element of the work. Matisse has used color here to illustrate a smell of the emotions he feels for his wife. These colors are primarily bright, striking colors such as orange, red, yellow, mauve and bright green accompanied by the use of a cooler, calmer blue-green and black. The combination of these colors is non-naturalistic and provides a contrast that is readily apparent t... ...began his professional career as a lawyer and did not discover painting and art until he bought a set of watercolors at some point before 1892. After he did discover his love of art he began to cogitation in Paris in 1892 and spent much time in the south of France, which vastly affected the style of his work.In conclusion, the painting Madam Matisse The Green Stripe is an embodiment of everything that Matisse himself and the Fauve movement stood for the lyrical use of color to create an art of balance, purity, and serenity. He was able to use the initial ideas created in the Fauve movement and advance them beyond what any other artist in the period had done previously or after. In fact, one might severalise that Matisse was the artist who ensured the lasting impression of Fauvism on artistic expression and that it would not be what it is today without his influence.