Comparing Platos Republic and Gullivers Travels Essay example -- com

Platos Republic and Gullivers Travels In The Republic, Plato attempts to define the exaltation conjure as it relates to the tripartite division of the soul. In this division, wisdom, the rational characteristic of the soul, is the nearly valuable and important. In the ideal state the ruling class would be the guardians, those who maintain rationality and will operate according to wisdom. Each undivided should be put to use for which nature intended them, unity to one work, and then every man would do his business (276d). This conception of the ideal state is exemplified in Jonathon Swifts Gullivers Travels, at heart the party of the Houyhnhnms. Each member of the society maintains a role which he or she was born into, and according to Gulliver the Houyhnhnms be wise and virtuous (Swift, 260). These two qualities are most valuable to Plato within the ideal state, and are manifest in Houyhnhnm land. The problems that occur within these utopias are the central problems of de mocracy. The question that arises is whether or not a state such(prenominal) as either of these is just. This problem is far too great to transform within the context of these societies, so in an attempt to understand the near aspects it should be realized that if considered without moral judgements, these societies could function appropriately. Plato... ...nd do just that. The victuals of a virtuous state requires a unanimous understanding of from each one members place and position. Without this understanding the ideal state cannot exist this is why sometimes the pleasures of the individual must be overruled in favour of the needs of the society. works Cited Donoghue, Denis. Jonathan Swift A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 1969. Marra, James L., Zelnick, Stephen C., and Mattson, Mark T. IH 51 Source Book Plato, The Republic, pp. 77-106. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 1998. Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. Oxford Oxford Uni versity Press, 1998.

Corporation Responsibility and Ethics

potty can be explained as an connection of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a regular subsistence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct form those of its members. The potentiometer whitethorn exist for the purpose of profit or non profit oriented. By the early 18 century, corporations are owned and control by government authorities. At the of late 18 century, the old economic policies and theories are eliminated with the conk out of Adam smith and other(a)(a) economists.And the corporations are transformed from being government affiliated entities to normal and private economic entities. The master(prenominal) two thought processs behind this transformation was that a communication channel corporation should non be directly tied to whatsoever public policies, and the corporation is a by-product of the peoples unspoiled of association, not a gift from the state. However, with the given free doms, they still exist inside the legal system and considered as legal person, who has morally responsible for their actions. These team spirit responsibilities are classified as shrink and broader great deal.Narrow view primarily concerns for the bet of share passers, obligation to other stakeholders are evaluated within the range of satisfied penury implied by shareholders. Whereas, broader view mainly concern for the stakeholders with all those affected by the corporations action, shareholders represent all told unity set of quaternate responsibilities that are weighed in decisions. Though, the specified statements in a question corporations obligation to their stakeholders comes before its obligations to the rest of fellowship were construed narrowly to book binding only the shareholders interest.The main economist who supports the narrow view of corporative responsibilities was Milton Friedman. The Milton Friedman (1970) in an prestigious article argued that when co rporate manager are consideration was given for bod responsibilities to influence their decisions, they are violating the obligations to the corporations owners. He believes that only employees of the corporations establish a responsibility to meet desired requirements of its owners.The desired requirements are in or so case to maximizing the wealth of the system of rules. He argues by look if we wish we can refer to some of these responsibilities as hearty responsibilities. simply in these respects he is acting as a superstar not an agent he is oversteping his own money or time or dynamism, not the money of his employers or the time and energy he has contracted to devote to their purposes. If these are fond responsibilities, they are the hearty responsibilities of the individual, not the business.Further Friedmans added the situation of the individual proprietor is fairly different. If he acts to reduce the returns of his enterprise in order to exercise his affable responsibility, he is spending his own money, not someone elses. If he wishes to spend his money on such purposes that is his dependable and I cannot see that at that place is any objection for doing so. Friedmans interpretation towards corporative responsibilities are seems too narrow to accept and adopt in forthwiths business environment.Business Corporations who stick with those narrow view become a gainsay to sustain in a competitive market economy. In todays business environment, public expectations towards the business transcriptions are high and it becomes a basic requirement for the organization to fulfill those expectations to building positive corporative images and sustainable relation to achieving economic results. To justify my argument I fool employ narrow and broader view of corporative responsibility theories and some success stories.2. THE NARROW feeling OF CORPORATIVE RESPONSIBILITYThe narrow view theorist believes that honoring commitments to shareholders is more valuable than responding to the demands of other stakeholders. Such theories let ins pure market ethics, libertarian marketplace or shareholder possible action, and social marketplace ethics. The theories and characters are explained as occur2.1 PURE mart ETHICSPure marketplace ethics surmisal believes that in that respect is no such way to retort money. If it is approximate in economically than it is good in honorablely. When it comes to money there is no right and wrong, everything is ethical. The surmisal is egoist approach to rise profit, not considered social and environmental initiatives.2.2 LIBERTARIAN MARKETPLACE / SHAREHOLDER THEORYAdam Smith, Milton Fridman, and Friedrich Hayek, are the main economists who follow Libertarian marketplace theory or shareholders ethical theory. The theory suggests whats good ethically is doing well economically within the law. The theory stands that organization make up for the condition of profit,social responsibilities c an be handled by non-profit organizations in the area of concern or respective government authorities. Many economists have been criticizing Adam Smith and Milton Fridman argument on social responsibility.2.2 SOCIAL MARKETPLACE ETHICSShareholder theory and social marketplace ethics theory is very oft similar. Unlike shareholder theory, it highlighted the social responsibility in some extent. However, their view in social responsibility as economic wealth that employee narrow, since the organization is effective to generate profit. They believe that individual employees become hard to get maximum profit for the organization than employees do affect their social wellbeing. This theory also criticized many economists by questioning what extent does society as a whole bring in when improving employees offbeat. There is one interesting case Coca-Cola and Water Use in India as the price reduction of this narrow view.In March 2004, Coca-Cola company in Karala state in India was fol d down beca subprogram of farmers and community claim that high utilization of water by Coca-Cola crates sever water shortages and polluting the groundwater and soil, this could destroying farms by draining them out completely. There are many allegations against the Coca-Cola Company. Such as wellness effects, poor environmental consideration, noncompetitive business utilizes, and questionable labour practices.3. THE BROADER VIEW OF CORPORATIVE RESPONSIBILITYThe broader view theories suggest that add up demands of stakeholders are more valuable than honoring commitments to shareholders. Such theories include share value theory, stakeholder theory, progressive corporate social responsibility, and sustainability theories. These theories are explained in concomitant as follow3.1 SHARED VALUE THEORYMichael Porter and Mark Kramer (2011) proposed shared out value theory, in his theory of corporative responsibility states that the purpose of any business entity is to pursue profits, to do that organization also requires to value social and environmental welfare. When organization pursues wealth its necessary to engage with the social and environmental. The nucleus vales of this theory is respect for laws, regulations and commonly accepted codes foroperation, social and environmental welfare hold autonomous value independent of bottom line concern, tho are pursued only within the profit making operation, only insofar as they create profit.Such example of shared values includes cuddle, Nespresso combines a sophisticated espresso machine with single-cup aluminum capsules containing ground coffees from around the world. The product offers quality, contrivance and the environmental blight of mountains of spent aluminum pods. To get reliable lend of specialized coffees is extremely challenging for the Nestle. The coffees are grown by elegant farmers in poor rural areas of Africa and Latin America, who are trapped in a cycle of low productivity, poor quality, an d environmental degradation that limits issue volume.To address these issues, Nestle redesigned procurement. It worked intensively with its growers, providing advice on faming practices, guaranteeing bank loans, and helping come along inputs such as plant stock, pesticides, and fertilizers. Nestle established local facilities to flier the quality of the coffee at the point of purchase, which allowed it to pay a exchange premium for better beans directly to the growers and thus improve their incentives. Greater yield per hectare and high production quality increased growers incomes, and the environmental impact of farms shrank.Meanwhile, Nestles reliable supply of good coffee grew significantly. Shared value was created. Nestle found a societal need-poverty in rural coffee producing areas and highly-developed a two sided initiative, anti-poverty and improve coffee supply. This theory has some nix and positive point of views, such as the theory accepts that the organization main intention should be increasing profit, and social responsibility implies when organization are profi hold over.3.2 SUSTAINABLE THEORYJohn Elkington (1997) in his book of Cannibals with Forks Triple Bottom line of twenty-first Century Business. He described that corporative responsibility lies with the stakeholders rather than shareholders. This theory suggests businesses hold three principle obligations to produce sustainable results, which are social, environmental and economic fields. Each of the three values is pursued autonomously and businesses should tabulate and present results for apiece of the tree categories individually. Economic Sustainability the traditional accounting concept of profit was eliminated in sustainability theory. In a sustainable framework, the profit is considered as the maximum benefit enjoyed by the society as whole.Social sustainability Corporative responsibility lies to the fair and beneficial practice towards the labour and the community. The theor y highlighted that no individual within the community go forth be neglected. Economics in a metropolitan area, a realism where all executives are hauling down millions a year lastly becomes unsustainable when other workers can no longer afford to live near the city and so arent available to do the supporting work necessary to keep the executives going.Humanity political unrest and violence may come out of the closet in regions or entire countries where a societys health concentrates in a narrow demographic. (The fair trade movement may be understood as expression or sustainability in both economic and human senses.) Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability requires stewardship of our natural surroundings use balanced by preservation to enable continued use. A brewery dribble industrial waste into the soil fails the test of sustainability when the toxins infiltrate the water table and poison the groundwater the brewery needs to make its beer.3.3 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYArchie B. Carroll theory of corporate Social righteousness (CSR) highlighted quad kinds of social responsibilities. Which are economic viability, compliance, doing right be fair and support community welfare. These corporative responsibilities are considered as values. These four categories are explained as follow. Economic Responsibilities A narrow view theory suggests that business entities are created primarily for profit motives. CSR suggest business is considered as basic economic unit in the society where its role was to produce goods and services that consumer desired with the acceptable profit.The old idea of profit motive was changed into a notion of maximum profits. statutory duty Corporative Social Responsibility theory suggests the business should operate under the legal framework. Ethical Responsibility Ethical Responsibilities represents ethical norms fairness and justice, ethical responsibilities embrace those activities and practices that are prosc ribed by societal members even though they are not systematise into law. It also includes those standards, norms, or expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees,shareholders, and the community compute as fair, justice or keeping with the respect or egis of stakeholders moral rights. Imperial Sugar Company can be a good example of CSR, the entire company was burn to ground, unless the John Sheptor, CEO decided to maintained employees payroll through the reconstructive memory process.3.4 STAKEHOLDERS THEORYThe most vital contribution for the broader view of corporation obligation and their ethical responsibilities was highlighted in the Stakeholders theory. The theory suggests businesses are fundamentally obligated to respect the rights and welfare of all those affected by its operations. The obligations are identical in kind, though they may very in degree. The key values of this theory are the welfare of all those individual and organizations affected by th e business. (Cardinal stakeholders typically include shareholders, workers, customers, suppliers and community taken to incorporate broader humanistic and environmental concerns).The main responsibilities are stakeholders interests are acknowledged and respected when making decisions the interests are weighed alongside and tally to the same logic as obligations traditionally associated with shareholders (profit) interests. As opposed to the idea that a business is first an economic entity that operates in society and so acquires broader responsibilities, the idea here is that a business is fundamentally a social and ethical operation, and economic activity is only one facet of its existence. The theory starts with a business and looking out into the world to see what obligations the organization exist, stakeholder theory starts in the world. it recognizes those individuals and groups who will be affected by or affect the companys actions and ask what are their legitimate claims on the business?What rights do they have with respect to the companys actions? What kind of responsibilities and obligations can they justifiably impose on the business? One of the most important and well known examples of stakeholders theory is embedded in the Mexican Constitution. When the indigenous people overthrew the Spaniards and claimed independence in the early nineteenth century, what they especially detested were the absentee landlords. The Spanish owned the farm lands, but lived in the cities, leaving locals to do the work.As a response to the indignation, the new constitution stipulated that those who work the land own it. Ownership andcontrol over land, in other words, is not guaranteed through time. Instead, it depends on the extent of ou personal interaction with the soil. Legal ownership would be like that essentially owned by those who are affected by it. (Note Contemporary reality has faced modification of the Mexican constitution. Still, in the provinces people are reluctant to rent properties for long scathe because courts away from the capital occasionally recognize the original, institutional stipulation.)4. CONCLUSIONMy argument is totally against the statement of Corporations obligation to their stakeholders comes before its obligations to the rest of society. I dont believe corporation obligation comes prior to their stakeholders, because the corporation is exists because of their stakeholders. Without stakeholders support it is difficult to keep up the business. Such example can be Indian Coca-Cola Company.

Racing Neighbors Cause Crashing Communities Essay

Many neighborhoods face solid community problems be effort of certain factors and they have a certain effect on the batch living in the communities. I live around a community where there are a dissever of car pass races which happen on a regular basis and it creates major bedlam over the weekends. Seems like it is not a major issue, however, these street races cause major trouble to wholly the neighbors as it creates noise, causes accidents, creates trouble for all the stores around, for people travelling at night and so on.Every weekend, a particular(prenominal) parking rotary in the town of Farmingdale is filled with Hot Rods, college students, racy school students and even adults, not to mention, cops too. This is a huge parking circle outside a mall which has plenty of room for cars and is connected to a upliftedway- lane one hundred ten. It is the main attraction for guys and girls with hot rods. I heard a hatch of stories about this location and about the races tak ing place there either weekend so I decided to take a flavour for myself before I could reckon any of this. One night, I make a trip to this famous parking lotAt first, when I got to the parking lot, all I saw was a few haphazard cars place with more or less guys standing around them and talking to each separate in groups. I park my car there and stopped to look upon what happens. I was extremely curious because I had only heard of these variety show of scenes in movies and never thought it would be the reality. A little afterwards 11pm, a group of cars came into the parking lot with extremely inexpensive squander pipes and loud music. As they revved up the engines my adrenaline started pumping. I could not believe what my eyes saw. A large number of cars drove in and parked there. There were people of all different eon groups coming in from naughty school students, to college students and even elderly men around the age of forty who wanted to show off their hot rods. Soon after, some drivers including female drives took their cars out into the driveway and started drifting and performing rolling burnouts to overprotect hold of the crowd excited. I stepped out of my car and stood there to watch.These people were enjoying themselves with loud music, alcohol, dancing with girls and screaming and shouting. I was shocked when a few high school kids approached me to ask me about my car because these kids were 9th graders who had sneaked out of their houses at midnight with their parents cars for these races. after around half an hour, a group of cars revved up their engines and started moving towards route 110 so I decided to follow. Once we got onto route 110 they start driving like crazy people over locomote and cutting lanes and eventually turned onto a street off route 110. This lane was completely isolated and there were barely any cars parked there so they lined up their cars there and made a roadblock at the two ends of the lane and sta rted having drag races which made a lot of sound and obviously called in for cops. This is where the major problems from these races start.Once the cops convey in, chaos occurs. These guys get into their cars and started racing off from these race sites in all different directions to avoid getting caught. They go onto the main roads and over speed causing accidents not only for themselves but even another(prenominal) innocent people. They similarly disturb so many peoples sleep at night with all the noise they create. They get into accidents, get caught and pay fines, cause trouble to other drivers on the road and so on.This is a major community problem as it attracts a lot of students in the community from not only colleges but also high schools. These kids have illegal modifications on their cars which adds to money in the black market. It also encourages many others to join this racing league which leads to accidents and deaths. There is a lot of illegal betting and gambling, underage drinking, over speeding and many such laws broken which cause serious community problems every weekend and harmonize to me this should be checked and stopped as soon as assertable

My Personality and Learning Style

My Personality and Learning Style My personality compositors case is ISTJ which is intr everywhereted, sensor, thinker, and judger. Intr overted people be much likely to be reserved, semiprivate and more likely to work but than with groups. Social events are non a strong characteristic of an introvert which opts to be in a calm quiet location with relatives and solitude. Sensors tend to prefer problems with a set of guidelines that state facts of information directly and learn through example or experience. Thinkers believe that rational and logical thinking over emotional feelings.Judgers yield structure and balance their meter and schedule precisely. Which can be managing people or working with a set of specific instructions and goals. I believe that the personality instance test is accurate in describing my Personality. The test states that I am lux percent introverted which means that i prefer working alone and reflect on my thoughts. Introverts might not ask question s and rely on others to ask for them but if i hold out there is something i dont understand and absolutely cant figure out by myself thats when i ask a question.I feel that personality can have a big regard on your grades, for example extroverts are more likely to talk during a teachers lecture and cause them to miss some information. patch introverts tend to keep more thoughts to themselves and are more likely to pay attention in class. Having a clear understanding of how you learn and discern information which can be more efficient in less(prenominal) time wasted. V. A. R. K is visual, aural, read, keep open and kinesthetic. The way you process or see information in the schoolroom can define the grade you earn.My preferred choice of sensory is reading and writing because i like write and read notes over several times. Memorizing information, notes and study material is my most telling way of assuring that i pass my exams. You can have more than one way of acquirement t hrough your sensors which is called multimodal are not necessarily smarter but just prefer multiple modes of learning which is purely based on preference. Being successful in the classroom for myself begins with paying attention to the information the professor tries to relay.Sitting in the front of the classroom is important to me because I know it gives me an advantage over someone who sits in the back where it is difficult to hear. The first thing I do when I arrive to the classroom is copy the notes the teacher has written on the mount or screen. I sense it will be important to know unless told otherwise by the instructor. Knowing I prefer the sensor over intuition i will more than likely choose a class and degree where the information is directly stated with facts and concrete data over a class where theory and imagination is involved.Personality and learning air plays an important role in your education. Students tend to observe information different way and rates. The stud ents who have compatible learning trend with the teachers teaching style will retain information better and be efficient in learning. Every teacher might not have the same teaching style but if you take steps to reconcile you will increase your chances of doing well in the class. Talk to the instructor and exponents so youre learning needs can be met and prevent you from failing the class.

Leadership and vision for future

The role of leadership in organization is re tout ensembley great. Success of comp some(prenominal) mostly depends on qualities of leader. A hot leader is to a greater extent than half of success. Much of literature on organizational change and leadership emphasizes the notion of look ating an inspirational and aspirational batch to those at every level in the organization. lets try to examine the difficulties, which can face the leader when trying to shell out an inspirational and aspirational mint for the upcoming, taking into account that a romance call for to appeal to and be understood by lot at every level of the organization.Leadership as a concept of classical watchfulness is susceptibility to influence activity of individuals and groups of people in order to eviscerate a motion them spraining for achievement of aims. Organization, which is successful, is different from other organizations mainly because it has more participating and stiff management. Succes sful organization is, first of all, a strategic vision for prox, whereas leadership supposes vision of future and ability to propagate it as considerably as motivate people. So, we can see that an effective leadership and effective inspirational and aspirational vision for the future depends on skillful motivation of naturalizeers.Without any doubt, motivation should be different for different levels of doers. mint is the fourth divisor of diamond leadership. Leader combines both words of vision impertinent and internal (Heifitz, R., p.112). Comp unitarynts of vision be creativity and strategy.There is no conjuring in this process it is quite difficult, sometimes wearisome process of stack away and analyzing of information. A person, who forms vision of company, is not a magician he is a thoughtful strategist, who is able to risk. Vision is one of zones of leaders intelligence, which demands unceasing development and perfection. To tell with other words, vision is a de scription of the future that is attractive because it expresses the possibility of realizing values that argon important to people (Charles Pfeffer, p.2)Lets see, what are the main problems and difficulties, leaders face during implementing of vision for the future in the companies.Model of future is not attractive (or it is difficult to understand). showtime of all, a leader should create an attractive vision of future. He has to pop off out a strategic plan, which will indicate the main stages of development. What is in like manner very important, the vision should not be different of strategic aims of company. The vision should show, which values will be achieved during implementation process. All urinateers should realize richness of working together and should understand the aims of company. Moreover, they have to understand and to share your vision. foundert forget that people are different and you have to work with them depending on their skills, abilities and status. A wide pose is like a stick out made of cards each card should occupy its position when one card will fall down, it ruins the whole building. The same problem is in the company all the workers should understand the aims of organization and its vision for the future. When a worker doesnt understand the aim, he will not work effectively.insufficient communication with workers.A good leader develops vision for the future by speaking. A good base for effective work is trust and good relations. When a leader explained to all workers, what he expects from them, he has to be unresolved for everybody to check results of fulfillment.You should be more open to the workers. The effective communication favors puzzle out different kinds of problems before they become more serious. Paola Gamonal notes that you should raise the comfort level, make sure they know questions are always OK, your door is always (or at predictable intervals) open, and be willing to look at drafts and institute feedb ack (Paola Gamonal, p.3) no-count motivation.Actually, I suppose that this is the most important problem when trying to sell an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future. I think that motivation, ability to develop your qualities, ability to be responsible, readiness to make all efforts to achieve aims of company all these qualities already are present in people management cannot give those qualities to people. So, a good manager/leader is obliged to help people to realize and develop all those human qualities. A leader should be able to create much(prenominal) conditions in organization and to use much(prenominal) methods of work to help people to achieve their own aims only in case they make efforts in achievement of aims of organization.Even from economical layover of view, people are considered as extremely expensive working resource, so they should be used with maximum forte. For example, when a person gets a sweet job, he tries to make all efforts to develop h imself from the best side. When he doesnt receive possibility to feel himself prerequisite, an independent worker, he becomes disappointed in his work. As a consequence, he doesnt focus attention on quality of work, and doesnt work effectively for achievement of main aims of his company. This is overly one of mistakes, which should be avoided. So, a good leader should estimate strength possibilities of a worker, giving him a chance to realize himself.In such a way, a leader should understand importance of ideal work for each definite worker. Such ideal work should have a) justness (it means, it should bring to some definite result) b) should be considered as important and which has to be fulfilled (John P Kottler, p.115) c) should give possibility to worker to take decisions, necessary for its fulfillment (i.e. there should be a kind of autonomy, but in spite of appearance definite limits), or group autonomy d) should provide double-side connection with worker, should be estim ated depending of effectiveness of his work and should bring to him fair remuneration.When you plan work in accordance with these principles, it provides a worker with internal satisfaction. It is very effective motive factor, because it stimulates qualitative fulfillment of work and stimulates a worker to fulfill more difficult work, which leads to increase of effectiveness in particular and increase of effectiveness of work in the whole company as well.So, summarizing my position, a good leader should be able to provide his organization with effective model of vision for the future. The future of company depends on effective vision. There are some difficulties leader should take into account during selling an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future, which depend on external and internal factors.Those factors include communication with workers, heavy(p) or insufficient motivation inability to explain the vision for the future, to restore main factors and ideas of su ccess, presenting attractive vision, to explain that important aims can be realized, to state new possibilities. Leaders also face difficulties in speaking in ways that engage workers, to understand what is your audience and react accordingly (people are different and you should be aware that methods, which work for top managerial, doesnt work for executives, etc). Focusing attention on those difficulties will allow you avoiding a subprogram of problems and will help you company to be more effective.Works Cited1.Leadership, Vision and Shared-mental Modeling by Ch. Pfeffer2. Vision Or, Whos Looking Out The Windshield? by P. Gamonal (c) Ravenwerks Website 20033.Leadership Without Easy Answers, by Heifitz, R., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 19944.Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail in Harvard Business Review by John P Kottler, Business Classics xv Key Concepts for Managerial Success. Harvard Business School Publishing Crop 1998 

Hamlet: Literary

In the depend of critical point, Shakespe ar sets up ternion pieces of revenge which involve three characters, each determined to retaliate their deceased loved ones. visit is essentially a recurring division in the play and can be noned as an distinguished theme. Revenge is often lead by uncontrolled emotions, affecting an idiosyncratics thoughts and feelings differently and provoking the unmarried to act without a reason. The play helps us question the justifiability and benefits of revenge through the storys individual characters.King crossroads appears as a ghost and informs small town that he was kill in his sleep by Claudius. He tells his son that while he was sleeping, Claudius poured poison into his ear. village is shocked by the ghosts words. The ghost asks Hamlet to Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. (I. 5. 25) Prince Hamlet vows to strike back his gives finish, and promises not hurt his mother even though he blames her for re-marrying to his uncle right after his breeds death.Since the revenge was requested, and not Prince Hamlets own decision, we could question if Hamlet would consider avenging his begin, even if he wasnt told to. We be aw be that Hamlet is depressed about his generates death, his mother re-marrying, and the lack of plaint the kingdom is doing for the death of the King, but he does not appoint suicide even though he considers it at one point. Hamlets loneliness, feelings of anger, and sorrow would certainly compel him to avenge his nonpluss death by killing Claudius. A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his sole son, do this uniform villain send to heaven. (III. 3. 77)Hamlet doesnt immediately avenge his fathers death, he goes through a phase where he contemplates and delays when he should commit the act of killing Claudius. Fortinbras is another character in the play who feels the requisite to avenge his fathers death by reclaiming the land his father mixed-up to King Hamlet. Both Prince Hamlet and Prince Fortinbras have uncles who have interpreted their deceased fathers rightful spot at King while the Princes plot a way to avenge their fathers.Fortinbras builds an forces to take back the territories they lost while also attacking Denmark, making him a problem for Denmark. Now, sir, small Fortinbras, of unimproved mettle hot and full, hath in the skirts of Norway here and there sharked up a list of lawless resolutes, for food and diet, to approximately enterprise that hath a stomach int which is no other as it doth well appear unto our read but to recover of us, by strong hand and terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands so by his father lost and this, I take it, is the main theme of our preparations (I. 1. 95) This particular quote helps us perceive how fast Fortinbras acts towards avenging his father. He takes march without delay, as apposed to Hamlet who suspends his opportunities. While discussing with his mother, Hamlet suspects that there is a spot in the room. How now? A rat? Dead, for a ducat, dead (III. 4. 23) presumptuous that it is Claudius, Hamlet draws his sword and strikes at the curtain where curious Polonius is eaves dropping. Receiving the news of his fathers death, Laertes is vows to avenge his father. How came he dead? Ill not be juggled with to hell, allegiance vows, to the blackest devil Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit I hardiness damnation. To this point I stand, that both the worlds I give to negligence, let bonk what comes only Ill be revenged most thoroughly for my father. Laertes responds swiftly, his words full of venom. on the nose like Fortinbras, Laertes acts immediately surging into the castle, prepared to punish the person obligated for his fathers death. (IV. 5. 35) Claudius is able to manipulate Laertes and Hamlet in a duel, claiming that Revenge should have no bounds (IV. 7. 128) and promising that Hamlet would be poisoned to death. At this point of the play, all three sons are com mitted to avenging their fathers deaths. Laertes is also notified that Ophelia has drowned, further upsetting him, and worsening the current situation. The three significant characters Hamlet, Fortinbras, and Laertes each have their own ways of seeking vengeance, for their fathers deaths and obtaining their desires.Fortinbras uses revenge as an excuse to send in his army to take back the territories his father lost to King Hamlet, which justifies that he wants some sort of control. Hamlet and Laertes know that their fathers have been wronged. Hamlet suffers from depression, and the kingdom does not know the true reason behind his fathers death, so he is determined to reveal truth and untune his uncle. Laertes is enraged about his father and sisters inessential death, blaming Hamlet for the cause of it. The play can be viewed as a tragic story with multiple deaths mainly provoked by members of their own family and kingdom.They are forced to duel, and fight to the death to honor the ir fathers soul, sooner then to resolve the situation in a civilized way. The motivation revenge is recurring because the characters of the play feel the need avenge their fathers, they are driven mad by it, as it takes control of their mind. Their eyes are filled with hatred, distrust and despair as they who were once friends, battle to the death. What they pass at the end is a worthless effort, because it resulted in additional unnecessary deaths, that are not justifiable.

Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK

AbstractThis dissertation identifies the agentive offices that abide to a rational wellness problem ( feeling) among immature wo men 15 to 25 of age in the UK. The literature examine revealed that the childly women olden 15 to 25 ar assailable to the periliness of being discourage as a result of the interplay among biological and environsal accompanimentors. Further to a greater extent(pre zero(prenominal)inal), the ranks of first gear were ensn be to be high in the women population compared to men. The deal away as soundly as reveals that economic crisis in the materialization women of this age bracket has ostracise effect on their family and friends. Although the family members and friends are ever practicall(a)y willing to help their loved ones come up from psychogenic health problems they are pr plainted from doing so be feat of their lack of intimacy and skills in shakeling embossment. As a result, picture ends up disrupting the consa nguinity surrounded by the patients and their loved ones who equ eachy end up being di filtrateed as well. The findings reveal that the regime should ontogenesis the funding on its programs and consistently refresh the writ of execution of the policies in order to correct any mis experiences in clock time. inceptionThe main purpose of this hear is to review literature on the factors that let for to first gear among child care women aged 15 to 25 in the UK. The study will explore the impact of the patients condition on the family members and friends, and pronounce the effectiveness of the take issueent initiatives to support modern women with first gear. The study carries issue an extensive review of academic articles and will access all acquirable data to discuss the research objectives. Additionally, it will perform an appraisal of the findings and results obtained from cerebrate literatures. Thereafter, a conclusion will be provided on all issues deliberated in the study, and therefore a recommendation will be given for the national education and possibly for future psychogenic health research digest among schoolgirlish women in the unite Kingdom.Background and Rationale for the studyThe realism wellness Organization (WHO) defined psychic health as a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, stooge cope with the normal stresses of liveliness, pot work productively and is able to manage a contri besidesion to his or her community, whilst, mental problems or illness refers to conditions that expunge cognition, emotion, and behaviour for example, schizophrenia, natural depressive disorder, and autism (Manderscheid et al, 2010). Women are more apparent to sire from falloff compared to men. Brady (2013) sustain that the investigation of national mental health surveys slang shown that psychological disorders are 20% to 40% likely to occur in women than men. Walsh (2009) claims that this disp arity is collect to galore(postnominal) elements, as studies encounter given a number of factors keep up been answerable for the cause of mental health problems among women in the UK virtually of the influences allow the increasing responsibility of women performing multiple manipulations in the society, such as helpers, homemakers and breadwinners. Seeman (2006) stated that the care giving grapheme of women, which sometimes lams to spouses, children and the elderly, whitethorn piddle increased stress and possibly cause mental health problems. Likewise, the associated issues of gestation period and child-bearing are an additional attachment liable for a high rate of mental health problems among women (Kidd et al, 2013). Ussher (2010) nones that the issue of domestic craze is in any case a contri justing factor because women have first gear or mental health problems because they have been subjected to domestic violence. These women sometimes find it inviolable to go for counseling as a confidential and safe means by which they can come forwardlet their feelings. There are very few studies that have identified the relationship in the midst of mental health problems among late women and first this supports studies that have linked stress as a catalyst responsible for mental health problems amongst unripe women (Pratt et al 2012). Weich (2004) confirmed that some UK ground studies have reported an excess in the preponderance of the to the highest degree mutual mental disorders of anxiety and low. The cost of treating slack and separate mental problems is a openhanded pecuniary burden to the government. The Centre for psychogenic Health (2010) reason that mental problems have non up to now a human and well-disposed cost, but similarly an economic one, with wider costs in England amounting to ?105 gazillion a class. Rosenfeld (2009) asserts that very few studies have focused on the causes of impression among youth women in the age group of 15-25. Most studies focus on clinical stamp on women, men, or adolescents without of necessity narrowing down to raw women (Rosenfeld, 2009). The rationale for this study is to identify the causes of feeling among the little women aged 15-25, evaluate the effects of depression on the family members and friends, explore the government policy and interventions and and so offer recommendations on how to protect the young women from depression. The study of depression in young women is consequential because the depression suffered at this age group has a take aim effect on the future lives of these women (Thomas et al 2008). It is therefore important to look into ways of protecting them against depression because this will not simply save the government money that is currently being used on interference but in any case ensure that the young women enter the archean matureness stage with a strong mental ability. To the healthcare profession, this study will be helpful in the treatment of depression with making maximum use of preventive measures and formulating a introduction for set ahead research on ways of reducing the judge of depression among women aged 15-25.Aims and ObjectivesThe primary aim of this project is to review literature on the factors that supply to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 in the coupled Kingdom. The objectives of the study are as follows To identify and understand the seek factors responsible for depression as a mental health problem among young women aged 15 to 25 in the UK. To examine the impact of depression on the family and friends of the gloomy persons To investigate ggovernment initiatives that support young women with depressionEthicsThis study address ethical and anti- oppressive issues that relate to research and practice. It adhered to all the ethical principles that overtake the use of substitute(prenominal) data. The review was conducted with an interest of finding ways of up (a) the lives of young sight with depression through evaluating ways of reducing the inducive agents and providing care for the already gloomy population. The findings are meant to benefit some(prenominal) the depressed young slew and form a basis for future research.lit ReviewMethodsThis review followed an inclusion body and exclusion criteria in de boundining which articles and books to review and which ones to edit based on the relevance of their content to this dissertation. The journal articles were chosen from EbSCOhost, BNI, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, government published documents and policy. Simple electronic database search was then done utilise the aboriginal words as a guiding criterion. alone the journals and books were screened by reading the titles, abstract and in some cases full text in deciding which ones were suitable for this research. The key words for the search were mental illness, young women, depression, and government policies to address depression. The database search depended on wildcards and keywords in feel for information in the abstracts, title, subject heading, and full text. The words were used by the piece and then in conclave to ensure that as many germane(predicate) articles are reviewed. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles and booksThe method for selecting articles make use of the inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that the search generated the best possible articles and books. The inclusion criteria targeted the articles that pass through prevalence of depression among women, early braggyhood, policy intervention in the United Kingdom, peer reviewed and possible methods of dealing with depression. The exclusion criteria on the other hand included the articles and books published prior to 2001, earthyplaceized the youth without separating young women from women, only if included children under the age of 15, focused on bipolar mode disorder, studies with small sample sizes (less t han 50), and those involving non representative samples like the ethnic minorities.ResultsA total of ascorbic acid citations were considered for the research, out of which 30 duplicate citations were filtered out. The remaining 70 citations were then screened victimisation the inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined above. 50 articles were retained for inclusion and the other 20 were excluded from the study. Therefore, this review is based on a sample of 50 citations. The details of the review are availed in the subsequent sections of this literature review. The articles were then grouped into those that cover the customary correlates of and prevalence of depression, those that cover young women under the age of 30, and finally those that cover young women still under the care of their parents. Among the 50 citations considered for review, only a small percentage was longitudinal by de trait. The samples had take issueent sample sizes with the least having 50 and the about h aving 20,000 arrayicipants.General correlates and prevalence of depressionThe findings of this review reveal that in the cases where the articles made comparisons betwixt the males and distaffs, women were more likely to be affected by depression compared to the males. Out of the 10 articles that compared the 2 wakenes only triad posted a different result. The three articles did not find any significant differences in the prevalence rate between young men and young women. The other seven articles all concluded that women are more penetrable to depression than men. The prevalence rates ranged from as low as 4.3% to a high of 49%. Factors that abide to depression among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UKLundt (2004, p. 67) claims that in addition to women having higher(prenominal) rates of depression than men, many features of depression differ for women when compared to men. These differences include factors like the likelihood of occurrence, find factors and the symptoms of depression. This literature review reveals an consuming support for a multidimensional model of the risk factors for depression in women with a complex relationship being exhibited between life stress, social, biological, sex role socialization and developmental factors. Hales (2008, p. 33) asserts that currently, the exact neurophysiological mechanisms surrounding depression have not yet been identified although stress take cares to play a crucial role in the onset of depressive episodes get off the groundicular at the sign stages. While the conventional perception of depression supports biopsychosocial model of risk factors, more contemporary conceptualizations and research emphasize on the impact of the sex role socialization (Thomas, et al 2008, p. 41). The societal gender expectations have a position influence on how to deal with depression. The women who are forced to adopt female roles that are more stereotyped ofttimes experience more depression compared to the ones that are not exposed to such hostile environments. Ussher (2010, p. 13) also adds that women are also more likely to make complex inferences and plunge in more ruminative self-focus and this may maintain or even aggravate depression. Walsh (2009, p. 66) flavors that there is no single theory explaining the gender differences in depression. In fact the different rates of depression are as a result of multidimensional and interactive issues that are functions of idiographic factors. Rosenfeld (2009, p. 76) supports this encourage by asserting that integrative biopsychosocial theories of depression have been espoused by many different theories. They note that there are flipper major categories of risk factors which are Biological, Life stress, Sex role socialization, Societal/Social and developmental The interactive model of risk factors is an expansion of the Worrel and Remmer (1992) model (White, &038 Groh, 2007, p. 65). All the five factors are discussed in discrete sections be low for purposes of clarity although in ingenuousness most of these factors are inter relate and involve more than one factor at a time. It is for this reason then that some factors will appear in more than one section.Biological FactorsIn the past, most scholars held the given that there were two subtypes of depressions, neurotic and endogenous (Stahl et al. 2003, p. 56). The endogenous depressions were believed to be driven by stringently biological factors whereas the neurotic depressions were theme to be functions of social and intrapersonal factors. However, more recent research shows that very few depressions are purely biological and there is a general consensus that most depressions have a biopsychosocial basis (Savoie et al 2004, p. 29) Although genetics play a significant role in unipolar depression, heredity is not an important factor as it is in bipolar depression. falling off affects women throughout their lives and it is caused by a combination of different fact ors that range from hormonal, pregnancy, postnatal to biological factors (Paxton, &038 Robinson, 2008, p. 16). At a later(prenominal) stage in life women may also suffer from depression caused by menopause. These are the factors that make women more vulnerable to depression than men. Additionally, women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression in their early lives than men. Nimrod (2012, p. 43) found that females start experiencing depression in their early adolescence. The study highlights that depression can occur in the young women and puberty increases the risk. This assertion was supported by Greenblatt (2011, p. 45) who claims that the depression in women mostly starts at puberty. The hormonal levels at puberty are a major cause of depression in young women. The changes in oestrogen and androgen are more responsible for the depression than puberty itself. Hales (2009, p. 77) asserts that this view is consistent with the fact that depression can be as a result of hormo nal changes that are related to the procreative system of women. This is particularly evident in the young women who much opine of both stirred and physical premenstrual symptoms. The young women may also suffer depression during pregnancy. Erlandsson and Eklund (2006, p. 32) claim that while pregnancy does not necessarily cause depression, enceinte women who have a history of depression are more likely to suffer relapses because of their reluctance to use antidepressant medication. This impression is supported by Castle et al (2006, p. 61) as they highlight the implications of managing and treating depression in women. Their research revealed that although many women are lots reluctant to take medication during pregnancy, the effectiveness of using antidepressants outweighs the consequences of untreated depression on both the child and the charwoman. As such, their research outlines the magnificence of the role of nurses, health visitors, general practitioners, mental healt h practitioners and the other health professionals in educating the young pregnant women and their families. Additionally, the research also highlights the importance of taking the risks of managing and treating depression during pregnancy into consideration as well as empowering the young women to make decisions based on the best guidelines and available evidence. However, every pregnant woman must be considered differently and individually because there are many factors that influence their decisions on whether to use the antidepressants or not. Sleath et al (2005, p. 47) say that additional information is demand by both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and that all medical practitioners must always weigh up the different treatment options available as well as the wishes of the patient before making any decisions. In fact this is the reason why Pestello &038 Davis-Berman (2008, p. 15) asserts that current advice must be provided based on evidence based practice and practice guidelines. Mirowsky and Ross (2003, p. 55) claim that there is oft an increased risk of depression after childbirth because of the hormonal changes in the postnatal period. During this time, there is lots an influx of other factors like depreciator feeding that may influence a young woman not to use antidepressants. Although infertility does not lead to depression, the young women struggling with infertility may be susceptible to depression. In fact Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, &038 Stahl (2005, p. 37) claim that depression may play a role in infertility. Some studies fate a positive correlation between depression symptoms prior to attempting to weigh and infertility. However, the inability to conceive may lead to depression which may in turn affect the probability of being able to conceive (Ravindran, et al 2002, p. 99). Several other medical conditions like anemia, AIDS, Addisons malady, cancer, diabetes, infectious hepatitis, influenza, systemic lupus, hypothyroid ism, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, mononucleosis, and Cushings disease can cause symptoms of depression in young women (Pratt, et al. 2012, p. 21). Furthermore, other medical conditions like magnetic core disease, asthma and hypoglycemia can equally cause anxiety like symptoms. Lazear et al (2008, p. 30) claims that there is a positive correlation between depression and coronary heart disease. Depression occurs with a high rate mostly after coronary heart disease. In fact recent research indicates that depression is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and a predictor of forgetful outcome (Eklund, Erlandsson, &038 Persson, 2003, p. 48).Life stress factorsHales (2012, p.50) claims that authorized types of disagreeable life events eventually lead to depression in most young women. hotshot of the possible reasons for the intermittent spirit of depression is explained by the kindling hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the strength of the tie between stressful life events and depressive onsets decrease with an increase in the number of episodes (Eklund et al 2010, p. 82). It is the unspecified changes that take place during the repressive episodes either through learning or promontory changes rather than the stressful life events that kindle future episodes. Erlandsson and Eklund (2003, p. 68) note that in lot with recurrent depressions, the relationship between stress and depression declines more and more through approximately nine episodes and then stabilises through the future episodes. The stress diathesis theories of depression indicate that depression results from the way an individual interprets the life stressful events (Castle, Kulkarni, &038 Abel, 2006, p. 51). Hopelessness depression is a stress diathesis theory whereby an attributional style interacts with the negative style events to generate specific subtype of depression with symptoms of sadness, loss of motivation and self-destruct ive intellecttion. In the context of this model, the internal factors (an attributional style) interact with the external factors (negative life events) to expose depression in the young women. Therefore, stress in womens lives has a direct impact on the levels of depressions. Caretaking and parenting demands on women often confer an increased risk for depression. Young women with children are particularly vulnerable e special(prenominal)ly for those that do not work outside the home (Duncan, 2004, p. 58). In fact, the more children in the family the more depression are reported. The responsibility of caring for the aging parents is often left to the adult daughters, which in turn increases their vulnerability to depression. Women seem to be more vulnerable to the negative effects of social relationships (McLeod &038 McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women in sad unitings are three times more likely to be depressed than the single ones or men (McLeod &038 McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women are m ore vulnerable to social violence than men are, and depression is a function of interpersonal violence (Beck, &038 Alford, 2009, p. 77). Depression can occur because of psychological and neurological changes caused by the interpersonal sufferings. Smith &038 Elliott (2010, p. 44) claim there is a positive correlation between women with histories of childhood sexual and physical abuse and reversed neurovegatative depressive symptoms such as weight gain, increased appetite and hypersomnia, which suggests unique biological processes in trauma related depressions. Depression may also occur because of the effects of witticism injuries suffered by battered women (Thomas, et al. 2008, p. 49).Sex Role socialisation FactorsCertain types of unimaginative female personality traits as well as the gender role socialisation often contribute to the vulnerability of young women to depression. Weiten (2010, p. 37) claims that women with stereotypical beliefs on the gender roles of women and hig her scores of measures of femininity are more vulnerable to depression. Furthermore, gender related personality traits like instrumentality are positively correlated to depression. The aforementioned(prenominal) is also authentic for socially influenced stereotypical female personality traits like dependency and passivity, which are conceptualised as mild manifestations of depression (Gotlib &038 Hammen, 2010, p. 22).Societal / Social factorsWomen are more likely to face move social status in work roles, family roles and community roles. Despite the gains, women have made both economically and socially, ine quality between the sexes continues to persist in the society (Kittleson &038 Denkmire, 2005, p. 09). The reinforcement deficit theory postulated by Worrell and Remer (1992) indicates that depression is related to an unfavourable ratio between positive and negative person environment outcomes (Pettit &038 Joiner, 2005, p. 64). The low rate of positive outcomes is assumed to be caused by the increase in passive behaviour and dysphoric mood as the young women feel incapable of attaining personal goals leading to eventual withdrawal and despair. The inequity in family decision-making and access to family finance can cause women to feel feeble and unimportant, precursors to depression. Kantor (2007, p. 18) asserts that poverty is a pathway to depression. The majority of the people living in poverty in the United Kingdom are women and children. Dobson and Dozois (2008, p. 13) note that 10% of new cases of major depression are caused by poverty. The same is supported by Diamond (2005, p. 73) who hypothesises that depression is a function of financial hardships and poverty. Although gender differences in rates of depression do not differ by culture, the ethnic nonage women and lesbians are at a higher risk because of the complexity and number of risks that they face on daily basis (Friedman, &038 Anderson, 2010, p. 63). The ethnic minority young women are mor e likely to be subjected to different socioeconomic factors for depression like ethnic/ racial discrimination, separatism into low status and high-risk jobs, lower educational and income levels, unemployment, single parenthood, poor health, marital dissolution and adultr family sizes. Greenblatt (2011, p. 31) adds that being a member of a non-dominant group can also lead to experiences of discrimination and oppression, which are risk factors. Additionally, intragroup and intergroup racism are also stressors that lead to poor health and psychological distress. Cultural role prescriptions for some ethnic minority women may at times lead to depression. For instance, for the Asian and British Indian women, the ethnic norms of deference, passivity and courtesy may result in difficulties in assertion especially regarding issues of power consequently resulting in depression. Experiences of migration for any ethnic minority group may result in lack of social support, heathen conflicts, identity confusion, cultural adjustments, and feelings of powerlessness and diminished social status.Developmental FactorsGerrity et al (2001, p. 48) point out that prior developmental experience have a direct influence on the adult susceptibility to depression. This is particularly true for the individuals who have a history of neglect, abuse and parental loss as well as those that were brought up by depressed mothers. Additionally, the subsequent developmental transitions and the accompanying stressors increase the vulnerability of young women to depression. The developmental pathway of women often contain five major key points that begin when they start display increased rates of depression in adolescence, continuing to the transitions on young adulthood, midlife and old age. Ussher (2010, p. 77) asserts that each of these transitions is accompanied by scraps and stresses. The enthusiasm of these factors varies depending on the unique personality of an individual, social conte xts, familial and social support, and life circumstances. One such interactive model indicates that girls arrive at the adolescence stage with more pre-existing factors than boys do and these factors interact with social and biological changes of adolescence, which then extend into adulthood (Peacock &038 Casey 2000, p. 74). The young women in the age bracket of 15 to 25 are in the period of young adulthood. This period is a time of potential stress and strain for them because it is a time when they must make important interpersonal and vocational life choices that include decisions related to marriage and motherhood (White &038 Groh, 2007, p. 17). The young mothers with children at home face higher risks of depression. epidemiological data indicates that the mid to late 20s is the age at which women start experiencing depression because of the many decisions that they have to make (Stahl, et al 2003, p. 94). In the period of transition to adulthood, the women that were exposed to childhood adversities are more likely to be depressed compared to the ones that did not go through such horrible childhoods. The mid 20s is the first time a woman must face the harsh realities of life in the context of the dreams and visions mapped out in the adolescence period. The discovery that adulthood is not as she expected often thrusts most women into despair and confusion. The fact that the young women are facing the challenges and stresses of adulthood for the first time in their lives makes them feel unprepared as the demands of adult life are at times very overwhelming (Ferentinos, et al. 2011,p. 63). These stresses make the young adult women vulnerable to psychological distress, particularly depression.Effects of depression on family and friends of the patientsWeiten (2010) says that when a young woman gets depression, it does not affect her unsocial as it also has gross effects on their parents, siblings, friends and the whole family. All the people tightlipped to t he individuals suffering from depression often get extremely worried about the patients. Beck and Alford (2009) claim that the worst part of it is that in most cases these people do not have the intimacy and skills to help the patients. This worsens the web site for the patients, as they feel helpless and in so doing adding more mischance to the parents, siblings and close friends. Dobson and Dozois (2008) assert that the family members and friends get worried on the surmisal of the young depressed women contemplating suicide because of their unstable conditions. In as much as they are always willing to help these young depressed women get back to the normal swing of things, the ways of doing it makes the whole thought a mirage. Therefore, they end up being very focused on them, always worrying for them and having difficult time connecting with the depressed young women because depression inhibits their ability to interact with other people. Depression hurts the young women bot h mentally and physically inhibiting their ability to work and function. The people who have affection for the young girls are often hurt by the experiences of their loved ones (Thomas et al 2008). irrelevant the other physical illnesses, depression is not easily visible to people without prior experience. In fact, many people have no idea of its causes or treatment (Sleath et al 2005). The intangibility of the illness makes it very hard for the family and friends who are not able to feel or see the intensity of the suffering. Some family members and friends even deny the existence of depression because of the confusing nature of the illness. Castle, Kulkarni, &038 Abel (2006) claim that some family members and friends consider depression as a sign of personal weakness, while others often end up fighting alongside their depressed friends and family members. These too cases are both extreme and cause sadness especially because the depressed young girls feel frustrated, misundersto od or overstretched to recur quickly. Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, and Stahl (2005) say that the symptoms of depression are very difficult to interpret. The young girls often get withdrawn and have little energy to perform middling daily tasks. Unfortunately, this is at times misinterpreted by the other family members as a lack of effort in helping in the daily field chores. Evaluation of initiatives for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UKThe purpose of this part of the dissertation is threefoldMake reference to some policies that touch on mental health of young women in the United Kingdom cozy up some of the progress made by the government in helping the young people suffering from mental health problems Identify the weaknesses and gaps in the policy and support and what should be done to improve their effectiveness. Owing to the large number of government policies on the young people, this dissertation will be highly selective in approach.INITIATIVESThe content dish out Framework for children, young people and maternity processs policy contains the 11 standards that contribute to the mental well being of the young people. In 2007, the government developed the National Indicator Set to enable the central government manage the performance of the local government. These indicators were as follows NI50, which observes the emotional health of the children and young people NI51 to monitor the effectiveness of government policy. The Children and Young People in Mind (CAMHS) made recommendations that highlight the role of all universal services like the natural law and midwives in promoting the mental health of children and young people. The government implemented two of its recommendations through the creation of National Advisory Council (NAC) and National CAMHS Support Service (NCSS). The role of the NAC is to hold the government accountable in ensuring that all the recommendations are met. The NCSS, on the other hand, was charged with the role of continually improving and sustaining service delivery. The wise Horizons (2009) made mental health the responsibility of everyone. It required all the government departments to work as a team in the taproom of mental health problems and develop resilience in the households. It paid special attention to the gather up of improving transition from adolescence to adulthood and emphasised the importance of prevention of mental illnesses. In 2010, the Keeping Children and Young People in Mind applauded the need for the government to invest in the mental health and emotional well-being of the children and young people.The Progress MadeThe investment in CAMHS led to increased advocacy in building resilience, early intervention, general well being and the called for support from families. As a result, there was an increase in the number of professional staff to offer services to the young people (Ferentinos et al 2011). However, the progress was slower for the 16 and 17 year olds as evidenced by the increased number of young people of this age spending time in psychiatrical hospitals. This implies that comprehensive effectuation of CAMHS is not easy and will require more time and loyalty from all the stakeholders. The Mental Health Promotion Driving Policy in the New Horizons is performing well although it is mainly adult focused which places the young women at an increased risk of being lost in the bigger agenda.The Challenges and RecommendationsMost of the government policies on young people are the right way aspirational although turning them into reality on the ground remains the biggest challenge. The process of implementation is very diminutive as it underlines the efficiency of the policies. It will be inconceivable to realise the vision of these policies without total commitment and consistent long term funding. This is why it is advisable for the government to look into ways of ensuring better circumspection and leadership to ensur e that these services reach the people as envisaged in the policies. Presently, there is still a gap in the logic on the empowerment of people, families and communities on taking care of mental health (Castle, Kulkarni, &038 Abel, 2006). many people have gone through the process of intervention but the real solution lies on empowering individuals with the skills, knowledge and resources to deal with mental health challenges on their own. Helping the young women with self-awareness, social and emotional skills, and foster knowledge will help them take the responsibility for their mental health and emotional well-being.ConclusionThis dissertation has identified the factors that contribute to a mental health problem (depression) among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UK. The secondary research also assessed the effects of the condition on the family and friends of the patients and then evaluated the policy and support for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the U K. The extensive review of academic articles and books revealed that the young women aged 15 to 25 are exposed to the risk of being depressed as a result of the interplay between biological and environmental factors. Furthermore, the rates of depression were found to be higher in the women population compared to men. The study also revealed that depression in the young women of this age bracket has negative effects on their family and friends. The worst part of it is that the family and friends are always willing to help their loved ones recover from mental health problems but are prevented from doing so because of their lack of knowledge and skills in handling depression. As a result, depression ends up disrupting the relationship between the patients and their loved ones who equally end up being distressed as well. The government has enacted many policies to contain mental health problems in the country, however there are still challenges as highlighted in the discussion. These po licies although aspirational, still need more commitment in wrong of funding, leadership and management for them to have their intended impact in the country.RecommendationsThe policies for helping the young girls aged 15 to 25 have already been identified and enacted by the government. The only challenge remaining is the implementation process, which is proving to be difficult as evidenced by the high number of young girls spending their time in the psychiatric hospitals. This can be addressed through increasing the amount of currency allocated to the project. This increase will enable the government to reach more people and empower them with the knowledge and skills on how to handle mental illnesses. As already outlined, the family members and friends are always willing to help the depressed young women but then they lack the necessary knowledge and skills. Equipping these people with the knowledge and skills will be helpful in reducing the rates of depression among young women aged 15 to 25 because they have a close contact and better understanding of their loved ones. Additionally, consistent evaluation and legal opinion of the policies will also be helpful to the government in terms of identifying new ways of helping the young girls.Limitations of the studyThe study was only reliant on secondary data as the researcher was not able to interact directly with the respondents. This implies that the errors that may have been made by the secondary data could have been replicated in the outcomes of this study. Secondly, very few policies are tailored for this particular age group so the policies used were those imbrication between late adolescence and early adulthood. 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H., &038 Hammen, C. L. (2010). Handbook of depression. New York Guilford Press. Greenblatt, J. M. (2011). The Breakthrough Depression dissolving agent A Personalized 9-Step Method for debacle the Physical Causes of Your Depression. zero(prenominal)th forking Sunrise River Press. Greenblatt, J. M. (2011). The Breakthrough Depression Solution A Personalized 9-Step Method for Beating the Physical Causes of Your Depression. North Branch Sunrise River Press. Hales, D. R. (200 8). An invitation to health. Australia Thomson/Wadsworth. Hales, D. R. (2009). An invitation to health. Australia Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Hales, D. R. (2012). An invitation to health Choosing to change. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Kantor, M. (2007). Lifting the weight Understanding depression in men, its causes and solutions. Westport, Conn Praeger. Kidd,. .A..S. et al, (2013). The role of gender in housing for individuals with severe mental illness a qualitative study of the Canadian service context.Online Available athttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669714/Assessed on 11/11/13 Kittleson, M. J., &038 Denkmire, H. (2005). The truth about reverence and depression. New York Facts On File. Lazear, K.J., Pires, S.A., Isaacs, M.R., Chaulk, P. &038 Huang, L. 2008, Depression among Low-Income Women of Color Qualitative Findings from Cross-Cultural center on Groups, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 127-33. Lundt, L. (2004). Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affectional disorder/winter depression An open-label pilot study. Journal of affectional Disorders, 81, 173178. Manderscheid,.R. W. et al (2010) Evolving Definitions of Mental Illness and WellnessPrev Chronic Dis. 7(1)A19Online Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811514/Assessed on 10/11/13McLeod, M. N., &038 McLeod, M. N. (2009). Lifting your depression How a psychiatrist discovered chromiums role in the treatment of depression. Laguna Beach, CA Basic Health Publications. Medical Care,39, 856866 Mirowsky, J., &038 Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. New York Aldine de Gruyter. Nimrod, G. (2012). From knowledge to hope Online depression communities. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 11(1), 23-30 Paxton, K. C., &038 Robinson, W. L. (2008). Depressive symptoms, gender, and sexual risk behavior among African-American adolescents Implications for prevention and intervention. Jou rnal of Prevention &038 Intervention in the Community, 35(2), 49-62. Peacock, J., &038 Casey, J. (2000). Depression. Mankato, Minn LifeMatters. Pestello, R G., &038 Davis-Berman, J. (2008). Taking anti-depressant medication A qualitative examination of cyberspace postings. Journal of Mental Health, J 7(4), 349-360. Pettit, J. W., &038 Joiner, T. E. (2005). 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Belmont, Calif Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. White, M. L., &038 Groh, C. J. (2007). Depression and quality of life in women after a myocardial infarct ion.The Journal of Cardio-vascular Nursing, 22 (2), 138144 World Health Organization (WHO) report (2010) .Mental health fortify our response Online Available at http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/Assessed on 08/11/13

Best Buy Co., Inc. and Customer Centricity Essay

beat expose sully Co. , Inc. is a specialty audio recording retail company that, by dint of its unique marketing methods and willingness to risk and experiment, has expand unto numerous subsidiaries across and among continents for providing consumer electronic products and services. It adopts the concept of client centricity, in which a companys efforts are purported to align their target and likely clients unavoidably, necessitates, feelings, and behavioral patterns. Though they have incurred considerable challenges and losses along the way, outstrip cloud Co. , Inc.s journey to the blood line accomplishment has been one that has garnered them prolonged experience and strong business disposition that has truly worked not just now for their principle and processes but to a greater extent than importantly on their development. Marketing encase analyse topper cloud Co. , Inc. and Customer Centricity Best spoils Top Concern Understanding of Consumer Behavior Best bar gain Inc. , Co. has make it of great importance to center their business and marketing trade trading operations on best recognizing and identifying the hows, wherefores, and whats behind their consumers approach dynamics to electronic retail purchasers.Philip Kotler defines consumer behavior as the study of how case-by-cases, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of good, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their inescapably and wants (Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong, Tan, 2006, p. 179), which Best Buy has made their top priority through and through. With a humble beginning as The Sound of medical specialty during the mid-nineteen sixties, Best Buy initially suffered a disaster blow which they readily translated to building a sense of client relations and, in every(prenominal) extent, better trade name recall.As Store Service Manager Joe Brandt emphasized, When the whirl hit, we decided to market to the community as a whole, and get electronics out ther e to everybody. We geared our selves up to win by understanding what consumers want in technology,Best Buy has not nevertheless managed to turn the close unfortunate of circumstances into positive output, but they also exuded their willingness to identify who their consumers were, why they purchase from them, and what would make them happy (Authors Last Name, Year, p.139). During the steady emergence through the mid-nineteen eighties, Best Buy wanted to keep the customer community they have started. Thus, they broke away from traditional business gross revenue by eliminating commissioned sales representatives (Authors Last Name, Year, p. 139). Despite having experienced evanescent financial woes, the company pushed through furthering circumstances. Amidst many adjustments, significant acquisitions of Geek team and Magnolia Audio and Video were made possible.Today, Best Buy is to a greater extent fitted out(p) to depart from individual selling and is capable of providing better , wider, and more customer-focused services, from in-store, home, and office ready reckoner services needs. Focusing on the end-users, the development in understanding the diverse attributes the customers and clients led to the companys five segment priority. This meant that discovering more round who their clients really are and how their clients shop for their electronics meant that in-store service processes could be further essential to suit their target consumers and those others in between who do get their electronics needs at Best Buy.The five segment priority not scarcely gave them the opportunity for bettering customer service and knowledge, but also with customers and their respective segments as the focal point of all operations, personalization even in a the desktop of business relations were made possible and sustainable. The process which Best Buy Inc. , Co. started and revolved centrally on different aspects for their customers, of which they were able to mainta in through out and has been get wind their growth and success which translated to 1,172 stores, 140,000 employees, and $35.9 billion in revenue and world-wide business achievement and recognition (Authors Last Name, Year, p. 139). Best Buys Journey through Customer Centricity With the employment of customer centricity as the companys foremost business principle, Best Buy has learned many business lessons which they had to accept, adjust, balance, and realize as either forms in reward or drawback. The most obviously beneficial characteristic of customer centricity which provided Best Buy with a strong sustainable business reward is its soaring customer relations.Creating an atmosphere wherein customers are not only prospering but also confident that all their electronic needs and concerns shall be tended and answered in any Best Buy store. Through building individual customer rapport, Best Buy creates a business situation where brand retention, customer service, quality product, and service offering are all and more associated with their name and reputation. However, in considering the whole process of adaptation, the company underwent some difficulties.In the early-on stages that led to the principle acclimatization, Best Buy experienced an increase of expenses and a decline of profits when they decided to deviate slowly from doing business via sales representatives. Additionally, this move was critically queried by analysts, but more importantly, it was greatly set and appreciated by the customers. As the market for consumer electronics slowed down, Best Buy move to differentiate their style of business from the competition. Hence, risk was its key catalyst that brought success, though accompanied by some hardships.In creating the five-customer segment priorityBarry, the flush professional, Jill, the soccer mom, Carrie and Buzz, early adopters, Ray, practical adopter, and Small businessBest Buy financially endeavored through the companys vision of cent ering on the customer and were prepared to incur loses to better understand the inner-workings of their consumer. Within individually segment, all had specific needs and features to which Best Buy fittingly offered solutions twain product and service-wise.In the process of appreciating and grasping the purchasing techniques of their customers, Best Buy realized the need for financial pre-requisite that the adaptation entails to substantiate the processes and services to better fit the client, via the trialing of lab stores. These lab stores stood as an evidential gauge on who customers would receive, react, and respond to product offerings, store designs and service offering targeted at for each one segment (Authors Last Name, Year, p. 140). In the transition of adopting, Best Buy computed costs up to $600,000 to qualify a specific store mercantile establishment as customer centric.However, it all paid off since it was positively acknowledge and received by its customers (relat ively performing better, compared to the average chain counterpart). Thus, it spearheaded the formal consolidation of Customer Centricity throughout all its stores. With this, the identification of customer qualities had to be more specific, as they had fleetingly overlooked the differences between men and women as consumer electronics shoppers. Yet, with extensive search and tuning, consumer markets further distinguished their full potential was explored and utilized. Best Buys Pursuit to Accommodate Male and Female Market Shopping QualitiesThe narrowing soccer mom segment seemed to limit the female market. Research showed that women pass along $68 billion on consumer electronics each year and influence 89 percent of all purchases. This suggests that there is much potential for profits and improving female customer relations for Best Buy (Author Last Name, Year, p. 140). In addition to this, in terms of their obtain style, men tend to be independent, whereas women tend to se ek assistance while obtain for electronics (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). With these facts in hand, Best Buy opted to gear their processes even more to better answer the needs of their female market.Incorporating the customer assistant program was also premeditated and open for any and every query the customer has to bring personal shopping to the next level (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). The personal shopping assistant not only facilitates the discussion of the clients electronic needs, but they also thoroughly explain key benefits on how and why certain electronic products would impact the lives of the customers, relating them on a personal level at each transaction, which favors the more dependent shopping style of women.Also, after broadening the Jill segment, Best Buy modified their in-store design for women, from color theme, lay-out, and displays of kitchen vignettes to packages, to house more appropriately their needs and thus, be more female friendly (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). Best Buy Co. , Inc. truly adapted a system in which customer comes first, in every possible business and marketing scenario and circumstance. Through centricity, Best Buy elevated their brand and brand of service which put them in a class of their own, above from competition, beyond traditional marketing, and in the minds of their customers.References Kotler, P. , Keller, K. L. , Ang, S. H. , Leong, S. M. , Tan, C. T. (2006). Marketing Management An Asian Perspective (Fourth Edition). capital of Singapore Prentice Hall. McGraw-Hill Irwin. (Producer). (n. d. ). Best Buy Using Customer Centricity to Connect with Customers Case Study Video. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from http//www. mhhe. com/business/marketing/kerin9e/video/Ch05_BestBuy. swf. Last Name, First Initial (Author). (Year). bind Title. (Edition). New York McGraw Hill Irvin.

Education of African American Male Students Essay

The Brown vs. the Topeka Board of Education was a margin decision of the joined States imperious court which awaylawed racial separatism within familiar raising facilities. Segregation of public teaching method existed until the supreme beg considered argu handsts by the give instructions requesting relief concerning the task of de separationism. In Brown II, the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying taboo the desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation issue forth with any delibe rove speed (The unify States Supreme Court, 1954). This phrase with solely deliberate speed was easier said than done.Segregation practices continued in the States well after 1954. During these early old age groups like The estateal connexion for the Advancework forcet of Colored People (NAACP), Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and The Nation of Islam emerged as the new lead organizations for the Civil Rights Movement. Leaders like Megar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. emerged all were kill before reaching the mature of forty. These assassinations sparked the emergence of younger and more radical groups. Groups like the Student peaceful Coordinating Committee and the Black catamount Party had goals for fosterage. The Black Panther Party created a comprehensive plan for improving their company. The plan was called the ten dollar bill Point Plan (Ten Point Plan, 1966). The Ten Point Plan verbalize We believe in an developmental dodge that depart give to our parklandwealth k instantaneouslyledge of self.If a man does not take in knowledge of himself and his aspect in society and the world, then he has little chance to push to anything else. (Ten Point Plan, 1966, p.1). The 1960s were an era of great change in African the Statesn grow. This was also a time for new leadership in the African American community. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Megar Evers had chosen to use a nonviolent approach. Malcolm X was mor e radical and was ordain to use force play to get equal treatment. After all three leaders were assassinated leaders much(prenominal) as Stokely Carmichael had a new concept of what America should become. In 1968 Stokely Carmichael created the limit institutional racialism, which he defined as the bodied failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional portion to universe because of their seeming, culture or ethnic origin. single of the new topics in education reform steeringed on how to instinctiveize African American manfuls. Students in urban atomic turn of events 18as contain been exposed to deteriorating conditions, which include everyplacecrowded classrooms, limited funding for education, and fluent learning environments. In recent years the education of African American manfuls has encountered some(prenominal)(prenominal) problems. Although 72% of black students in America graduate from extravagantly educate, over 45% of black manlys hurtle out of blue instill (Green & Carl, 2000). Anformer(a) problem is that one in four African American manfuls argon expelled from school each year. Additionally a disproportionate number of black males be in finical education and healing(p) reading classes (Lee, Winfield & Wilson, 1991). consort to Livingston and Nahimana (2006),Success with black males requires understanding the aff adapted stage setting in which they exist. This journey of cultural understanding begins by recognizing conceptualise assumptions close to urban African-American male children, African-American children, particularly urban young person, ar very keen on picking up the self-aggrandizings perception of them. Thus, understanding the behavior and dynamics of urban African-American families will greatly aid in understanding and educating the African-American male child. (p.210) Statement of the problemIn recent years, there has been a cut of academic underachievement am ong African American males. Economic opportunities, lack of education, lack of sky pilot figures and the lack of understanding from the American society has damaged the self-esteem and the educational opportunities of young African American males. This explore discussed the federal agency that education has contri unaccompanieded to the underachievement of African American males in education.The purpose of this study was to go bad and analyze the knowledge regarding the education of African American male students. Specifically, the study looked at the fixings jounceing the education of African American male students. This results of this study aims to encourage and educate professionals by providing in defining and additional strategies in promoting the educational success of African American male students. The following look for interrogative sentences guided this study1. What performers retain influenced the education of African American males? 2. How have histo rical perspectives regarding beggary in the African American community changed? 3. How have attempts to desegregate public schools in America operated? 4. What strategies can educators use to improve opportunities for African American male students? Limitations of reputationThis study was based on existing literature and query regarding factor impacting African American male students. The scope of data accrual included journals, books, and articles dealing with African American male student. The literature consisted of a number of studies involving the African American family structure. Studies in the field of education often quantify do not include a control group. Other sources get out recommendations or proposals that whitethorn correlate with successful implementation of sundry(a) strategies, plainly do not have quantifiable data to condescend those models. The limitations that these factors flummox include the amount of study and research that exists within the litera ture explore was confined to the past decade with the exception of the historical aspects presentedDefinition of nameAccountability a policy of holding schools and teachers accountable for the academic advancement students by linking such progress with funding for salaries, and maintenance Culture refers to patterns of kind-hearted activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of culture smoothen various theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Institutional racism the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to pack because of their color, culture or ethnic origin. Poverty the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of plump for condition of being poor indigence. Public education education mandated for or offered by the government to the children of the general public, whether national, regional, or local ane sthetic, provided by an institution of cultivated government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes.The bourne is generally applied to basic education, K -12 education and primary(a) and lowly education. Racism a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the base that ones own race is superior and has the right to sway others. Racial segregation is characterized by separation of disparate races in periodic life story when both races be doing equal tasks, such as eating in a serenityaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. urbanization means change magnitude spatial shell and/or density of settlement and/or business and other activities in the ara over time. The process could perish either as natural expansion of the existing population (usually not a major factor since u rban reproduction tends to be lower than rural), the trans governing body of peripheral population from rural to urban, incoming migration, or a combination of these.Design of the StudyThis study was descriptive in nature. All data were based upon research of available literature on the contends of poverty and its role in the education of African American male students. Guiding questions were answered based upon a review of existing literature and research which addressed the factor impacting African American male students Literature on educational learning strategies were identified, studied and discussed.The information is presented in four chapters Chapter One will consist of the introduction of the research paper. Chapter Two is the review of literature, outlining as pertinent to the research question. Chapter Three presents the abridgment of the findings, and theme regarding the historical perspectives and impacting factors associated with the education of African American ma les. Chapter Four consists of a discussion including summary, conclusions, and recommendations.CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREIntroductionBefore educators analyze the negative statistics for African American males, the fact that there have been successes mustiness be realized. tally to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), Success with young African-American males requires understating the social context in which they exist. This journey of cultural understanding begins by recognizing preconceived assumptions about(predicate) urban African-American male children. African-American children, particularly urban younker, are very keen on picking up the adults perception of them, therefore understanding the behavior and the dynamics of urban African-American families will greatly aid in the understanding and educating the African-American male child. Although the literature is warm to point out that umteen urban African-Americans are reared in mavin family home, one should not ass ume that there are not verifying males in the childs widen family. Uncles, grandfathers and even older male siblings can play an important role in aiding our work with students. ( p.210) in that location are several(prenominal) questions that could be asked about the education of African American males. concord to Education Today (2007, p.22), there is a new question that will be asked. Will we lose the next two or three generations, or possibly every generation of African-American boys hereafter to negative media, gangs, medicates, poor education, un usance, father absence, crime, violence and death? African American male students are faced with several challenges in education such as unemployment, housing, violence, incarceration, do drugss, and education. According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), Educating young African American males has become an sum up concern for educators and human service professionals over the past 20 years.disproportionate judge of school failu re, dropout, and incarceration all speak to the need to break in interventions, which can account for the structural and ecological factors that impact African-American families and African-American children (209). Even the fall in States Senate has noticed the new disturbing trend among African American males. According to United States Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) in 1999, 65 pct of African-American male postgraduate school dropouts in their 20s were jobless. He added that by 2004, the dispense had increased to 72 part, as compared to 29 per centum of whites and 19 part of Latinos. Schumer also noted the incarceration rate of young African-American males is at historic highs, more than half of African-American males do not ending high school, and an African-American man in his 20s without a high school diploma is more presumable to be in jail than to be working (Wright, 2007, p.4).Family Structure/FoundationIn America, the conventional family structure consists of a mother and a father. According to May, In the 1950s the normative American family consisted of a breadwinner father, homemaker mother, and several children, all sustainment in homes in the suburbs on the outskirts of a larger city. It was a narrow view of a model family, yet it pervaded the media and was widely accepted as the ideal and most normal ( p.20). Today, the dynamic of the American family structure is much different. Bishop (1991, p 23 ) stated that In the 1990s there are still traditional families with parents and children, but the definition of a family has broadened considerably. Children are raised by many another(prenominal) varieties of caring adults single parents, grandparents, kin-networks, homosexual couples, and others. Even traditional appearing families are often blended families of children from different biological parents. African American families have similar dynamics.Billingsley (1968, p. 36) identified three categories of African American families p rimary families (e.g., two-parent), extended families (e.g., other relatives, in-laws), and augmented families (e.g., nonrelated individuals). The structure of the African American family has not remained unmoving over the years. According to Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan (1995) African American women are now twice as likely to maintain families solely then they were in 1940. Another trend involves women heading the household. According to Darity and Myers (1995, p. 1), The rise in female-headed families among African Americans has been swift. Twenty-eight percent of African American families were headed by women in 1970, and 46% were female headed. This data make it clear that patterns of African American family formation have undergone substantial change over the past 50 years in a number of important aspects. The absence of fathers from the homes has been associated with delinquency. According to Auletta, living in single-mother household has been suggested as a contributing fa ctor in the development of adolescent problem behaviors (p.23).thither are other concerns with the African American family that involve marriage. According to Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan (1995), the proportion of African American women and men who marry has declined by 20% over the past 50 years, compared to the general population that has remained steady. The combined impact of delayed marriage, more non-marriage, high divorce judge, and a high rate of births out of wedlock are observed as having a profound effect on family formation in the African American community. Four out of every 10 African American families have a woman maintaining the family without the support of another(prenominal) adult. These trends are directly related to the well being of African American families and communities.UnemploymentIn the African American community there are several challenges for young African American males. The lack of jobs has a lot to do with poverty and continues to plague the African American community. According to McAdoo (p. 15), High rates of unemployment have had a profound impact upon the African-American community. Discrimination, inequalities in hiring and recessions, prepare closings, the removal of high paying, industrial and manufacturing jobs to rural America and Third orbit countries have removed a number of African-American males from the urban employment sector. Historically, the rate of unemployment among African-American men has been twice that of White America. On the vitamin E coast the unemployment rates are even more disproportionate.Currently in major urban cities like Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York, 35-55% of African-American males mingled with the ages of 18 and 35 are unemployed (National Urban League, 2005). According to Dubowitz (1999), Currently 24.4% of African-Americans choke in poverty as compared to simply 8.2% of Whites and 22.5% of Hispanics.(p.55) There have been other studies that reveal males are more likely to re move themselves from their family when they are uneffective to provide financial support (Livingston & McAdoo, 1993).For African-American Families, and African-American male children in particular, high rates of male unemployment can create a context of fatherlessness, economic instability, poverty, hopelessness characterized of manifested in children by low expectations, increased rates of high school drop out, and high rates of delinquency, which finally assist in maintaining the context of persistent poverty (McAdoo, 1993). Unemployment can create multiple mental and psychological problems for African American male studentsDrugs in the African American CommunityThere is an increased concerned about drugs in the African American community. In the African American community, children conk the most pain when fathers or brothers are missing because they are in jail. According to Newman (2005), One reason why many fathers cant be with their families is because of this countr ys misguided war on drugs. Of the 2 million people behind bars in America, more than 450,000 are there for drug offenses. While drug abuse doesnt discriminate, our drug policies do. (pg12), Another statistic indicate that African Americans are more likely to go to jail for drug offences. According to Newman (2005,), Despite roughly equal drug use between African-Americans and Whites, African-Americans are 13 times more likely to go to jail for drugs than Whites. In New York, 93% of the people in jail under the Rockefeller drug laws are African-American and Latino. Offering people treatment and help instead of incarceration for their drug addictions would not only save this country much-needed resources, it would help keep thousands of fathers with their families.(pg12)There is another perplex situation in the low-income African American community related to drugs. There are higher(prenominal) risk factors that create an environment more conducive to drug abuse and incarceration. Ac cording to Schensul (2005, p.39), The drug use of low-income African American appear adults is more troublesome because those protective factors associated with the role changes that mark emerging adulthood in middle class white youths and many youths of color are not necessarily available to poor young people. These statistics reflect a correlation between income, drugs, and possible incarceration. Schensul (2005) noted that urban low-income youths watch many of the same developmental transitions as their middle-class counterparts.Some of the factors that encourage drug use include increased residential instability, expanded and change social networks, exposure to high risk settings, and negative social influences that support and promote the use of drugs and alcohol. However, urban students are subject to inadequate primary and secondary school education, family stressors stemming from the vagaries of impoverishment and government social policies, limited local professiona l role models, and few job opportunities that guarantee salaries and benefits above the poverty level. Material goods can also play a key role in the lifestyle of young African American males.According to McCord, J. (1990,), sometimes there are families struggle that are related to school life (fashionable clothing and social life) but may not be able to do so for emerging adults whose financial needs are increasing. merchandising marijuana is an option for intermittent income supplementation, and many youths have friends or relatives who are in a position to supply them with small amounts from time to time. erst involved in drug change networks, youths can move to selling additional drugs if they believe it is reasonable to accept the associated risks. This means that students are willing to take unnecessary risk.(pg 35).Crime and Violence in the African American CommunityIn the African American community there is a mistrust of law enforcement. According to McCord, (1990), Unlik e suburban White youths, however, African American and Latino youths are targets for street violence, arrest, and police harassment and abuse. at once imprisoned, or on parole as adults, their institutional record may preclude voting and render them ineligible for employment opportunities. Imprisonment may introduce them to gang members or prospective customers. (p. 44) Studies also revealed that certain nonage youth are at greater risk for violent behaviors. According to Fitzpatrick and LaGory (2000,), Specifically, African-American adolescents are more likely than White, Hispanic, or Asian youth to instigate physical fighting and weapon-related violence and to suffer both foreboding(a) and nonfatal injuries from physical assaults. Not only are minority youth at greater risk for victimization by aggressive peers, they are more likely to perpetrate violence.(p. 21) African Americans are at higher risk to have more fatal injuries than Whites.This results in higher homicide rates. more prominent African Americans have shown concern about young African American students. The most notable of the critics, Bill Cosby, has been vocal regarding the number of African-American men who are incarcerated and the growing number of poor African-American children who are being raised by irresponsible parents. Cosby publicly chastised many in the African-American community for not doing enough to deal with critical problems and issues, such as illiteracy, poverty, crime and violence, which remain challenges in the African American community.Cosby told a packed crowd gathered at a 50th day of remembrance celebration commemorating the Brown v. Board of Education decision the ladies and human beings of the lower economic people are not holding up their end in this deal. These people are not parenting. They are purchasing things for kids $500 sneakers for what? And yet they wont spend $200 for hooked on Phonics (Watson, 2004, p. 10), Even though Cosbys statements were h arsh, they created a debate, which stirred dialogue in the African American community.IncarcerationAccording to Kunjufu (2001, p. 15 ), over the past twenty years there has been a decline in violent crime in the United States. But in the African American community there has been an opposite trend. There are several factors that cause these trends, including poverty, family structure, high unemployment rates, crime, drugs and education. Kunjufu also report that African-American males in adolescent detention centers and prison have increased in recent years. each(prenominal) year, thousands of young boys are placed in detention centers and adult facilities. Although African American males comprise only about 6% of the population of the, they make over 50% of the penal population (Kunjufu, 2001). There are several other statistics that prove alarming to the African American community and the rest of the citizens in the United States. According, to Kunjufu Currently one in three Afr icans American males between the ages of 20-29 is either in jail or on probation.The overtake majority of these men have been arrested and detained due to drug convictions. (p. 26), Another statistic is that there are major inequities when it comes to sentencing of African American males. According to Livingston and Nahimana, inequities in sentencing have lead to longer jail and prison terms for these young men at the most malleable period in their development. The return into the drug trade and the life of crime becomes a viable choice for many of these young men, accounting for the high rates of recidivism for young African American males (p.11). This is alarming because of high unemployment and limited education as well as the fact that prior conviction can lead to long term prison. The incarceration of African American males has had a dynamic effect on the community.According to Arias (2007), The overwhelmingly high rate of incarceration among African-American men in Americ a is striking a blow not only to the health and well-being of those men but also to their families and communities. (p.20) This study reported that 12% of young African American males between the ages of 20-39 have been taken out of the household. This places a tremendous strain on African American women to take care of the household. Another staggering statistic is that only 62 percent of African American males graduate from high school. According to National Urban League Panel (2005, p.1), On average, only 62 percent of African-American males graduate from high school with their original class. African-American males make up only 6 percent of the United States population, but 40 percent of the prison population. Forty percent of those African-American inmates are between the ages of 17 and 26. (National Urban League Panel,).The age group between 17 and 26 is the age group that will likely attend college. If these current trends continue, there will be a tremendous increase in the number of African American males incarcerated. According to Pluviose (2006,)by 2020, if current trends hold, that figure will rise to more than 65 percent for African-American men between the ages of 20 and 29. (p. 22), These figures illustrate a tremendous need for employment and educational programs. The prison rate of African American males has had substantial economic impact on the African-American community. According to Holmes and Hughes (2003, p. 44), incarceration rates in the United States, prison and jail inmates at midyear in 2002, reported that 12.9% of African-American males between the ages of 25 and 29 were incarcerated.Segregated SchoolsWhat would Horace Mann think about the state of education today? Horace Mann was the father of the American school system. According to Hubbard (2005), Horace Mann believed that the common schools should be available to everyone. He wanted them to be available to people that were rich, poor, and of different backgrounds.As mentioned earlier Brown vs. the Board of Education was a termination decision of the United States Supreme Court which outlawed racial segregation within public education facilities. In Brown II, the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying out the desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur with all deliberate speed (The United States, 1954). The current challenge that urban education face is called the No Child Left Behind phone number. According to The United States Department of Education (2007) No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-110), commonly known as NCLB, is a United States federal law that was passed in the House of Representatives on May 23, 2001.This law was write on January 8, 2002, and reauthorized a number of federal programs aiming to improve the performance of United States primary and secondary schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibi lity in choosing which schools their children would attend. Additionally, NCLB promotes an increased focus on reading and re-authorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (NCLB, 2007). One of the many challenges with No Child Left Behind is that the goals are commendable, but the expectations are unreasonable because of the deterioration of the urban schools school district.The next challenge in urban education the education of African American males. According to Misani (2007,) nationally between one-half and two-thirds of African male students drop out of school. In addition, the research disclosed a 65 percent dropout rate in Chicago, with only 35 percent of African-American male students graduating from high school. In New York, the dropout rate is 74 percent, with merely 26 percent of African-American male students graduating. p. 34) This is a tragic situation in urban schools when nearly seventy five percent of the African American male students are not graduat ing. According to Smith (2005, p. 27), the drop out rates for African American males in metropolitan areas is well over 50 percent.Another trend is that some African American males believe that it is easier to drop out than to complete high school Bowye (2007, p.3) stated, It is most disturbing that dropping out of high school is more common than graduating from high school for children of color. Focusing on another disconcerting trend within the community for African-American young men, Dr. Hodge pointed out Going to jail is becoming the common experience for children of color (Misani, 2007, p.35). If African American children continue to think this way, many are headed for prison and the crime rate will steadily increase in these areas.There is also a problem when it comes to the placement of African American males in education. There are disproportionate numbers of African American males placed in special education and suspended from school. According to Rodney and Crafter (1 999, p.185), Nationally African American males score lower than any other groups on standardized test and are three times more likely than their Caucasian American counterparts to be misplaced in special education or classes for slow learners. When situations like this continue to occur students feel neglected and are more likely to drop out of school. Many African American students think that the American educational system is unfair.According to Misani (2007, p. 34), African-American boys are disproportionately and inappropriately assigned to special education classes, expelled and suspended from school, and underrepresented in college preparatory classes. Consequently the study conclude Many of those who graduate are not prepared for college or unless educational training. (Misani, 2007 p.34) African American males represent 8.6 % of the nations public students in 2000-2001, but in some districts, they make up as much as 41 percent of the special education population (Smith, 20 05).