Frankenstein and Female Monster. Victor

Are you a made man? In Mary Shelley’s (1797-1851) Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818), Victor Frankenstein creates a fiend out the dead body parts. Frankenstein, as a product of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, is obsessed with advancing the cause of science, and in becoming famous and respected. â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me.I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption †(Shelley 48). This modern day Prometheus, succeeds in doing what no man has done before, create life. The man he creates is contrary to what Victor envisioned. â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Gre at God!His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips†(Shelley 51). After his creation comes to life, he refuses to accept his (parental) obligation; he does not care for the fiend, he does not provide it with shelter nor with food or love. He fails to teach and to instruct dismissing a relationship with his creature.Instead, in disgust of what he has done, Victor abandons â€Å"the fiend. † The fiend attempts to live a normal life; however, being abandon leaves the monster confused, afraid, left to his own devices, and angry. â€Å"‘I am alone and miserable: man will not associate with me;’’ (Shelley 129) Victor abandon and left t he monster as a fatherless child like his mother did when she died â€Å".. She whom we saw every day and whose very existence appeared a part of our own can have departed forever† (Shelley 38-39) All of the thing that he loved about his mother had been taken away and he was left as a motherless child.The story of Frankenstein and his creation is ultimately a story of abandonment. Abandonment (and neglect), Shelley suggests, is detrimental to growth and maturity; abandonment might result in the dehumanization of both the creator (parent) and his creation (child). Shelley’s novel is an exploration of where abandonment might lead. [NOT SURE WHERE YOU ARE GOING WITH THIS. KEEP IT FOR NOW, IF YOU DECIDE THAT YOU NEED MORE OF A HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK] Ultimately, Frankenstein refuses to accept the responsibility of providing a source of companionship for the creation since he does not allow for any connection between himself and the monster.Victor basically flees, hoping to f orget what he has created. He attempts to live a normal life however his abandonment leaves the monster confused, angry, and afraid. Frankenstein is an Enlightenment scientist, who crosses the boundaries of science and feels the need to discover the secrets of life. The Enlightenment Period was a cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in the late 17th and 18th century Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. [START HERE] Victor Frankenstein has always been fascinated by nature and always wanted to conquer the unknown[PLACE AND ANALYZE THE QUOTE HERE – WHERE HIS FASCINATION BEGINS – â€Å"When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribbons of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed. Before this I was not unacquainted with the more obvious laws of electricity† (Shelley 36). After being introduced to science Victor b ecame fascinated with it. In retaliation to his fascination, Victor betrays nature by creating the Monster. Victor frankenstein felt the need to challenge nature with him imagination and creating his own being.The Romantic believed there was good in all things, and the darkness could not be ignored. Many expressed their beliefs in through dark romantic writing and art work using the ideas of nature, emotion, individualism, and creativity and passion was a reaction against the rules and conventions of society. To all romanctic writers believed nature is devined there for violating nature is a violation of there god and themselves. Victor’s fascination led him to successful create a creature and Privately abandon his own needs, hidden away in his apartment where no one can see him work, he decides to begin the construction of the creature.Abortion and devoting himself to this labor, he neglects everything else family, friends, studies, and social life. This lead victor to grow increasingly pale, lonely, and obsessed. â€Å"My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement. Sometimes, on the very brink of certainty, I failed; yet still I clung to the hope which the next day or the next hour might realise. One secret which I alone possessed was the hope to which I had dedicated myself; and the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places.† (shelley 48)Victor creates the Monster to replace the lonely feeling he had after his mothers death. In creating the monster, one might say, that Victor is reconciling his own sense of abandonment. In other words, he creates a creature to validate him (often what our parents do) and to reconcile his feelings of maternal abandonment. Ironically, he in turn abandons the creature that he builds. Frankenstein feels abandoned by his mother and the Monster feels abandoned by Frankenstein. After creating the M onster, Victor takes takes one look at the monster and immediately abandons him, â€Å"But I escaped and rushed downstairs.I took refuge in the courtyard belonging to the house which I inhabited; where I remained during the rest of the night†¦ † (Shelley 59). When he returns to his chamber, the monster is gone and Victor feels relieved from his creator. Two years go by before Victor and his eight feet tall creation, face each other again. Victor is headed home after receiving his fathers letter informing him that his little brother William had been murdered. Victor is soon aware that the fiend is responsible for the murder of his brother.His adopted sister Justine is framed by the fiend. She is found guilty and is soon executed. Although Victor feels sadness, anger, frustration and guilt, especially about Justine’s death, he feels that he cannot confide his suspicion that his creation is responsible. Who would believe him? Victor begins his traveling toward Geneva with thought of the Monster. During his traveling he sees his creature , while coming face to face with his creating he insisted on the creature diapering and having the slightest contact with him.On one hand the creator had different feelings he almost seemed excited about seeing his creator and wanted to share all the thing he had learned with him even while victor continued to abandon him. â€Å"Be calm! I entreat you to hear me, before you give vent to your hatred on my devoted head. Have I not suffered enough that you seek to increase my misery? Life, although it may only be an accumulation of anguish, is dear to me, and I will defend it. Remember, thou hast made me more powerful than thyself; my height is superior to thine; my joints more supple.But I will not be tempted to set myself in opposition to thee. I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king, if thou wilt also perform thy part, the which thou owest me. Oh, Frankenstein, be not e quitable to every other, and trample upon me alone, to whom thy justice, and even thy clemency and affection, is most due. Remember that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Everywhere I see bliss, from which I alone am irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good — misery made me a fiend.Make me happy, and I shall again be virtuous. † â€Å"Begone! I will not hear you. There can be no community between you and me; we are enemies. Begone, or let us try our strength in a fight, in which one must fall. â€Å"(shelley 89) though the monster had been abandoned several times by his creator he tried every chance he got [THIS IS AN IMPORTANT SCENE AND MOUNTAIN, SO MAKE SURE THAT YOU DO IT JUSTICE. AND REMEMBER THE MONSTER NOTIFIES VICTOR TO EXACTLY WHERE HE WILL MEET HIM, BECAUSE HE WANTS THIS AUDIENCE WITH HIS CREATOR]. {YOU DON’T HAVE TO BRACKET THIS, BUT YOU SHOULD TRANSITION INTO THIS.IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE MONSTER IS ABANDONED MANY TIMES†¦ VICTOR, WHO LOST HIS MOTHER SHOULD UNDERSTAND THAT THE MONSTER LOST HIS FATHER – VICTOR – YET HE FAILS TO EMPATHIZE WITH HIS CREATION] He told Victor about how he grew to love the DeLacey Family and learned to see what it meant to love another. Studying the family led to the monster feeling abandoned because he couldn’t connect with them. â€Å"I had admired the perfect forms of my cottagers — their grace, beauty, and delicate complexions: but how was I terrified when I viewed myself in a transparent pool!At first I started back, unable to believe that it was indeed I who was reflected in the mirror; and when I became fully convinced that I was in reality the monster that I am, I was filled with the bitterest sensations of despondence and mortification. Alas! I did not yet entirely know the fatal effects of this miserable deformity†. (Shelley ____ ) Before the c ottage family met the creature he had already opened his heart to them wishing for adoption. When the monster finally felt he had completely prepared himself to meet his teachers he was rejected and again abandoned.This abandonment was held a great deal of the creatures hate for mankind. He then told Victor that he had met a little boy on his way back to find Victor, his creator. He tells that he thought he could make the little boy except him, because of the little boy's youth mind. The Monster then learned that the boy was a brother to Victor, who had abandoned him first. (talk about how he tried to grow comfort with the boy but was abandon) He got very angry at the thought of being friends with the brother of the man who caused the Monster such great pain.The Monster then killed the little boy and had taken the locket and put it into the pocket of a lady. Justin was soon executed for the murder of the little boy (William). â€Å"I determined to seek that justice which I vainly a ttempted to gain from any other being that wore the human form. † (Pg. 136) Victor then told the Monster to leave and never come back or he would kill him. The Monster then realizes that the blame is on him, himself and he decides to kill himself. â€Å"Cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live? † (Pg. 132) Once again this left me wondering if the Monster killed himself, would that leave another void in Victor's life?Victor had already lost so many loved ones that were so close to him. Did he have feelings for the Monster? Not feelings of love, because all that he had done; but some type, any type of feelings since he after all created the Monster. At the end of the book the Monster finally talks Frankenstein into creating a female for him. The Monster wanted another like him so he could feel normal and not feel the abandonment for the rest of his life. Victor begins making another replica of the Monster, but then abandon the thought in the middle of his work.Victor then r ealized what could happen if he finished the female Monster. victor realized that if he finished the female Monster that it too could turn against human kind, and also go on a killing spree. Victor then destroyed his half way complete work. This angered the Monster and he then swore to make Victor the most miserable person in the world. The Monster did this by going on another killing spree of people that were close to Victor. He killed Victor's best friend Henry Clerval and Victor was almost executed for the murder. In the mean time Victor had met a lady called Elizabeth, whom he planned to marry.So the Monster waited for the night after Victor and Elizabeth's wedding and then murdered Elizabeth. Victor's father had also grown very depressed from all the void's in his own life and too soon died after hearing the news Elizabeth's death. Victor then was very ragged and obsessed to get a bitter revenge on the bitter Monster. Victor chased the Monster up into the North. He nearly kille d himself when he was chasing the Monster on dog sleds and broke through the ice and fell into the water. Victor was saved by a passing ship. He recovered enough to tell his long, remorseful story to Robert Walton.Victor then got very sick and soon died. Thus, leaving a void in Walton's life. That same night the Monster came to see Victor in his death-bed. The monster met Walton while doing this and told him of all of the rage he felt toward Victor. Walton did not like the Monster at all. The Monster told Walton that he would kill himself now that Victor had died. He told Walton he would do this by going where nobody could see him, in the North, and set fire to himself. In conclusion, I feel the theme of the book is abandonment. I think this because every event that happens is the result to some sort of abandonment.Victor Frankenstein felt abandoned and had a void because his mother died. As a result to that feeling, he betrayed nature and created the Monster. He abandoned the Monst er, leaving a void in the Monster's life. The abandonment from Victor made the Monster angry, wanting to make Victor's life miserable. The Monster then began to kill people who were close to Victor, making Victor have even more abandonment in his life. Finally, Victor died from being sick and the Monster killed himself. All of the events in this book support that the theme of the book is abandonment.

Superstition in Huckleberry Finn

Superstition If you step on a crack, you will break your mamma back, keep cats away from babies because they suck the breath of the child, and cross my heart and hope to die, cut my throat if I tell a lie are examples of some superstitions that people believe in. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, superstition is a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim and Huck use and believe in many superstitions. There are many examples from the book that show this in the characters. Most of the superstitions are ridiculous, but some actually make a little sense. In the book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, one of the main themes he uses in this book is superstition and two main characters that have attitudes that are different and similar towards superstition is Huck and Jim. Huck at the beginning of the story wasn’t superstitious at all. He thought Jim was crazy for being superstition. Huck weakly believes in superstition but later in the story his views changes. Huck killed a rattlesnake and placed it on the foot of Jim blanket, Jim see the dead rattlesnake with his mater and told Huck that this was bad luck. Huck later says â€Å"I made up mmind I wouldn't ever take a-holt of a snake-skin again with my hands, now that I see what had come of it†(pg53); this mean that he do not really know all the superstitious things because he placed the dead rattlesnake at the foot of Jim’s blanket, just joking around, and he found out what happens as the effect of the joke. During this time Huck become a firm believer in superstition. Huck helps his friend Tom use superstition to help Jim escape by telling Jim’s keeper, Nat, who believes witches are haunting him, that the only cure is to bake a witch pie and give it to Jim. In the witch pie there were things that were going to help Jim escape. Next Jim views about superstition are different than Huck. Unlike Huck, he is a very superstitious man and used it for almost everything in life. He also does not joke around with superstition, unlike Huck. Jim uses superstition to fill the things he didn’t learn or understood in life. Jim uses superstition for a sign for all things that happen in nature. One example of this is, â€Å"Some young birds come along, flying a yard or two at a time and lighting. Jim said it was a sign that it was going to rain†(pg45). Jim looks at the birds and can tell that it is going to rain. Since there were no weather devices in the eighteen hundreds, signs like these were used to predict the weather. Jim view superstition by his faith by thinking the hairball is a magic spirit. Superstition kind of motivates him to escape to freedom because he found out that he was going to be sold for a high price because he believes if your chest is hairy you are worth a lot of money; which encourages him to escape his owner, Ms. Watson. Although Huck and Jim have different views on superstition, they also have views that are the same. They both do things that would stop the superstition from bringing bad luck. For example during the rattlesnake episode, Jim tells Huck to chop off the snake's head, then skin the body of the snake and put it around his wrist, so he would not be cursed. They become irrational when anything remotely superstitious happens to them. They also think when something bad happens to them it is the effect of the superstitious act that they did. In conclusion, in Mark Twain's novel, â€Å"The Adventures Huckleberry Finn†, he uses superstition to show many points. Mark Twain uses superstition to show contrast between an organized, Christian religion and believing in and superstitions and one's own beliefs. As Huckleberry Finn and Jim are hurled back and forth between these two different faiths, the reader gets a keen idea of the beliefs and lifestyles people followed living in this story. He uses it to serves foreshadow the plot at several key junctions. For example, spilling salt leads to Pa returning for Huck. Overall, superstition is used in â€Å"The Adventures Huckleberry Finn† as a way to share Mark Twain's own opinion on religion and refined living with his readers and help them to understand the good and bad of both ways of living.

Mental state

1. Why is a defendant’s mental state at the time of the offense (MSO) important from a legal standpoint?From a legal standpoint, the relevance of the mental state of the defendant is important because it determines whether or not the act was done with any capability, aptitude, or ability.   These factors are relevant because they determine if the defendant acted with consciousness in the commission of the offense.   The commission of an offense without any knowledge of the gravity of the situation or under a state of insanity is an exempting circumstance that exonerates the defendant from any criminal liability.The mental state is also important during the custodial investigation wherein the defendant is read his Miranda Rights.   This is particularly important because the law provides that the accused has the right to know of the nature of the charges against him and the possible consequences of any answer which he may give during such questioning.   A mentally incapa ble or incompetent person will be unable to comprehend these matters and therefore it is important to determine his capacity.Another perspective is that the mental state of the defendant also determines his competency to stand trial (CST), Competency to refuse an insanity defense, Competency to confess, Competency to waive rights to silence, Competency to dismiss counsel, Competency to serve a sentence, and Competency to be executed.   Under the Constitutional requirement of due process, the defendant has a right to know the charges against him and also to cross examine any witnesses that will be presented as well as the right to defend himself in court.   Without a determination of the competency of the defendant, such rights of the defendant may be violated which is against the Constitutional guarantee of due process.2. What is the role of a forensic psychologist in such cases?The role of a forensic psychologist in such cases is to determine the mental competency of the defend ant.   The in-depth knowledge of human cognitive and emotional functioning that the forensic psychologist possesses enables him to arrive at a conclusion on whether or not the defendant is competent to stand trial.   The forensic psychologist can also conduct and insanity examination to determine whether or not the act was done with criminal intent (mens rea) by the defendant.The different forensic assessment instruments that the forensic psychologist utilizes in order to determine the competency of the defendant are the following, Competency Screening Test (CST), Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI), Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI) and the MacArthur Structured Assessment of the Competencies of Criminal Defendants (MacSAC-CD).3. What mistakes might a forensic psychologist make when conducting this type of evaluation?The most common error that a forensic psychologist might make during these types of evaluations involves the area of predicting the human behavior of the defendant.   While the different tests and evaluations that the forensic psychologists use may be relatively accurate in determining the competency of the defendant to stand trial and at the commission of the offense, the difficulty lies in determining how long the incompetency will last and whether or not the defendant is liable to commit future crimes in case the defendant is released or exonerated.At the present there is no way of determining whether or not the defendant may commit future crimes.   It must also be remembered that the forensic psychologist conducting the examination must also be well versed with the pertinent provisions of law applicable to the case.References:Adler, J. R. (Ed.). (2004). Forensic Psychology: Concepts, debates and practice. Cullompton: Willan.Ribner, N.G.(2002). California School of Professional Psychology Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-5948-0

Management Theories by Morgan, Fayol and Taylor Research Paper

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Assignment #3 PKG 381 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

#3 PKG 381 - Assignment Example Comparably, the creation teachings in Christianity clearly narrate that God created humans so they may have control over other animals. This implies that man should dominate and control other animals, as well as plans and the nonhuman things. The Garden of Eden was given to a man as a habitat where man would live. This signifies the close relationship man and other nonhuman had from the time of creation. However, this misused to man by God has been misused extensively. For example, a person today may kill an animal or clear a forest unjustifiably and claim it is biblically allowed (Clowney & Mosto, 2009).   The Islamic teachings about creation also support the arguments presented by Christianity that man was commissioned to steward other animals. However, Islam goes ahead to explain that every person will account for their actions in relation to the environment. This is the point of dissimilarity between the two religions as far as this issue is concerned. Islam agrees that man has the stewardship role, but the actions must be judged in the end by the creator (Clowney & Mosto,

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Terrorism - Essay Example One thing which is common in all the terrorist attacks is the involvement of the political motive. It is the action on behalf of a political cause. Sometimes the cause was on national grounds such as the separation of Russia from Chechnya or the separation of North Island from Great Britain. Sometimes the cause was the grievances against the American government which led to the World Trade Center attacks or Oklahoma City bombing. There is no private motivation of the attackers of all these incidents. There is always a political agenda which is accomplished by means of these attacks. The two many factors of terrorism are publicity and the game of psychology. The aim is to capture the attention of all the people around the globe by making the attack more dramatic i.e. killing a large number of people to politically motivate violence. According to Peter Kropotkin, a ninth century anarchist, terrorism is ‘propaganda by deed’ by which groups particularly small in number recei ve the attention for a cause. In this paper, the quote of Noam Chomsky which says ‘Terrorism is simply what our leaders declare it to be is discussed with its implication for law/ lawyers. Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist and political activist. He has been writing on politics and language for the past forty years and is one of the most prominent and original social critics of his times. He is the eight most cited authors and is known as the ‘most cited living author’. The first question that must be answered is that whether an event is declared as terrorism just because the most powerful leaders declare it as terrorism or there are other factors that lead to this conclusion. 1 There have been many instances where the politicians make clear predictions about an event just because they are some hidden goals in such goals and simple declare an events as a form of terrorism. If nothing happens as such they say that it is because of the tight security conditions that made it unsuccessful whereas if a leader is on a shaky ground then all types of events are expected to be blamed as terrorism attacks. It is also the responsibility of the media that provide such inadequate and wrong assumptions regarding an event. All the happenings are a repetition of the same tasks and different reasons are given to make the people fool about it. These protocols are backed by honourable leaders who just condemn such acts by their strong words of cowardice. The usage of queen’s language in public speaking is just a method to gain trust of the people to make them sure that the nation is in the safe hands. Who are the real terrorists? Is it the leaders or the terrorists who should be called as the real terrorists in the interest of the common man? When a leader declares war on terrorism, we don’t look beyond the terrors that are systematically placed upon the humanity. When hundreds of people are just killed for th e sake to counter the issue of terrorism then it is considered as enforcement efforts. The leaders claim that they are in a position to combat these evil acts. My question is same as Noam Chomsky that when a leader doesn’t promote terrorism then why one should participate to make it worse. This means that leaders are not less culpable. Here are a few examples to support my argument: In 1980’s, a former leader of the CIA in Central America informed on record about his

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Palladium Doors Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Palladium Doors - Case Study Example The cost associated with the chosen alternative has also been shown. The projected Gross Profit and Net Profit figure have also been reflected here. The study will reflect the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. It will highlight the analysis of the Political, Environmental, Social, and Technological environment of the operational market in which the company is operating. Problem Statement Palladium Door, Inc. is one of the privately owned producers of different commercial and residential garage doors. In its product line, the company manufactures both insulated and non insulated cables, steel garage doors, supplies, rollers, springs and the side roller tracts. The company wanted to increase the sales by 36 percent in the year 2004. Robert Hawly, the director of sales & marketing, was concerned that whether the present distribution strategy which was used by Palladium would be able to achieve the goal. Although the company has shown a steady growth from p ast 10 years, but the market share of Palladium was only 2.6 percent. The senior executives of the company were made to believe that this sales goal was justified and would help the company in attaining a large sales volume for the preservation of its buying position with the suppliers. During its growth period, Palladium has even exceeded the industry growth. Three new plans have been chosen for the achievement of the company’s goal. There are four different point of views related to the marketing decisions. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis will help to analyze various organizational issues (Mintzberg et al., 1998; Ansoff, 1965). It is a traditional method for making strategic plans (Dickson, 2002; Glaister & Falshaw, 1999). The SWOT analysis will help in selecting the best strategic option followed by the decision making after understanding the inter relationship between the company and its respective environment (Pahl & Richter, 2009; Ferrel & Hartline, 2010). Strengths 1. When Palladium was in its growth stage, it had a sales growth which was even higher than the industry growth. This is a significant strength of the company which has helped it to achieve a remarkable position in the market. 2. The company has a good partnership associated with the exclusive dealers. The exclusive dealers are responsible for almost 70 percent of the company’s sales. This will help the company to achieve the targeted sales goal. 3. The company is one of the biggest steel door manufacturers. Weaknesses 4. Although Palladium has shown a steady growth from past 10 years but the market share of the company was only 2.6 percent. 5. The company had only 50 additional dealers in previous 10 years. This was counted as one of the weaknesses of the company. Opportunities 6. Palladium has high opportunities by expanding its operations in the North West and West markets, where the houses build are aging. 7. There exists low brand awareness in the market where Palladium operate s. This gives the company an opportunity to attract the customers who are not brand conscious. 8. Palladium has the opportunity to extend the total number of exclusive dealers which

What function does religion play in human society Why is religion Essay

What function does religion play in human society Why is religion Universal Is there an evolutionary explanation or a social phenomenon - Essay Example It also explores the reasons why human society appears to be so fond of religious expressions, looking at both evolutionary and social explanations for its popularity. There are many religions in the world, and they can appear very different to observers, but they share three main features in common: there is faith in something supernatural; there is a system of beliefs that adherents sign up to, and there is a set of ritual behaviors which believers follow as a way of expressing their religion (Palomar College, 2011). These things work together to help people formulate a world view, in which there is meaning and purpose. Human beings have a high intelligence compared to other animals, and religion appears to be both a result of the ability to reason with an advanced brain, and of the need to have explanations for things so that future actions can be properly planned. It could be, then, that religion serves an evolutionary purpose, in helping people to understand the environment and adapt to its changes. Its universality is due to the way that the human mind works, seeking out answers to things. This curiosity and search for understanding lies behind human progress through different stages of technology and is a fundamental feature of the homo sapiens species. This evolutionary explanation shows that the first function that religion plays in human society is therefore â€Å"to provide a sense of order in what might otherwise be seen as a chaotic existence.† (Palomar College, 2011) Religion provides a collective framework which people use to interpret inexplicable events like natural disasters or the changing seasons. The supernatural dimension arises because human beings know that their own power and understanding is limited, and that there are forces far bigger and stronger than they are. Religion is needed to explain how human beings fit into the universe around them. This has a dual function, first in providing a connection between humans and these gr eater forces, and secondly in allowing people to harness these powers and let them affect their daily lives: â€Å"religion tunes human actions to an envisaged cosmic order and projects images of cosmic order onto the plane of human experience† (Geertz, p. 90) This binds human beings to their environment more closely and explains why so many religions have connections with the sky, the sun and weather phenomena. By developing a set of beliefs around these phenomena, people make them more comprehensible, and less frightening. This is a psychological need which minimizes stress, and provides some security for people who could otherwise feel afraid and lost in a world that can bring unexpected events at any moment. The first and most important reason for the universal existence of religion in human societies is therefore the evolutionary advantage that it gives, but the second reason has more to do with the way that human beings live in social groups. Forming groups appears to b e a common behavior in many different animal types, and these groups create safety in numbers against predators and a hostile environment. One of the ways that groups determine the boundaries between one another is to have different cultures, or ways of doing things. Religions are an important way of forming groups. Many of the rituals that religions have are initiation rituals, such as circumcision, baptism, trials of faith, etc. which demonstrate who has become a member of the group and who has not. Following the rituals of religion binds the

ETHICS SELF-ASSESSMENT PAPER AND EVALUATION Essay - 1

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Hospitality Industry Questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay Example for Free

Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy StrengthsWeaknesses Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products. Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy AI Global Management. 8-26-14. INSTRUCTOR: Who wasnt here last week? Im looking at Michelle. So you are the only one that wasnt here last week? Mrs. Johnson were you here last week. Im going to pass out the assignments for next week for you. STUDENT: The PowerPoint one. INSTRUCTOR: Whole foods. So what you had to do just to remind everybody you have to take a look at those two companies, and do some research, did find out strategically what really happened? STUDENT: Do you have extra copies? I wasnt here last week. INSTRUCTOR: I thought I asked who wasnt here last week? Okay. We have to strategically do some research on both of these companies. You have your case study in front of you very thorough. You have to find out what kind of decision was made that created really an issue for Wild Oats because initially when this company was put together, they were killing Whole Foods. They were Whole Foods before Whole Foods existed. They were doing wonderful. Growing, expanding in the same type of market. I know both cases, so I know a lot of answers, but all of a sudden some decision was made in their minds relatively strategic, but it turned out to be some pretty bad decisions. How many of you has heard of Wild Oats. All of us have heard of Whole Foods because they are in existence. So you have to run this as if you are the CEO of both take both sides. Compare and contrast and take a look at Wild Oats, and what happened to them. Take a look at the great decision, and then things started going south relatively quickly for them. Yet Whole Foods was the underdog. Now Whole Foods is doing. Well, I guess. Manufacture moving forward.

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods on psychological contract between employer and employee in UK retail sector ( Iceland food ltd. ). The author will attempt to achieve this by focusing on importance of performance appraisal methods in improving motivation and performance of the employees and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the term of psychological contract involved in performance appraisal meeting. The UK retail market is set to increase in size by 15% over the next five years, taking its value to just over  £312bn (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). However this represents a slowing down of annual growth and with operating costs and the cost of credit set to rise, the retail sector faces challenging times. The retail culture is commercially driven and as such there is pressure to perform. Working in retail is hard work and the dynamic nature of the business requires a flexible attitude. Working in a shop is very likely to involve working weekends and late nights. Work-life balance could be a very significant issue for an industry that traditionally has an image of long or antisocial working hours. The retail industry employs over 3 million people (data collected March 08). This equates to 11% of the total UK workforce (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). Almost 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK is generated by the retail sector. UK retail sales were approximately  £265 billion in 2007, which is larger than the combined economies of Denmark and Portugal (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). The retail industry and the jobs within it are susceptible to economic and consumer trends. Today, most organisations on the major basis have some kind of performance appraisal system in place. A study conducted by Hirsh (2006) found that only a third of the HR professionals felt that the established appraisal methods have achieved theirs objectives and that most appraised exercises could not really had helped organisations to improve their performance (Hirsh, 2006 as quoted within Fletcher, 2008 p.1). Indeed, appraisal has become an emotive word because it is either done poorly or partly as the organisations keep on ignoring the values of the performance appraisal, thereby affecting the psychological contract of the individual. There are many indicators of a traumatized psychological contract; this can later be attributed to poor performance appraisal methods. Such indicators include; high turnover, low motivation, low job satisfaction (Hiltrop, 1995). According to Fletcher (2008), The unpopularity of using performance appraisal methods can be clearly seen as most organisations use the same process with different titles such as Performance Reviews, Work Planning and Review and many others. Iceland food ltd. follow this rule as the appraisal methods in place are described. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods used on psychological contract between the employer and employee. With an aim of examining the efficiency of the techniques used to perform the appraisal system in place. The importance of the appraisal system within Iceland food ltd. will also be established. This will be initially achieved by investigating the importance of performance appraisal methods in improving the motivation and performance of the employees, and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the terms of psychological contract involved in the performance appraisal meetings. It will be important to understand how these performance appraisal methods are being evaluated. The secondary research conducted on this topic, made use of a number of academic journals, articles and books related to the subject to monitor performance of appraisal techniques. The data collection procedure involves a quantitative questionnaire issued to the employees of Icelands, and a series of semi structured qualitative interviews. 1.2 The Importance of the Study The importance of the study is to understand the effect of performance appraisal on the psychological contract of the individual employee working in the retail food super stores. The method and the aim of the appraisal process is vital in giving training, motivation, confidence and job satisfaction to the employee as well as the rewards they get out of pay review. The author endeavours to find out what are the elements of the psychological contract of employee working in the retail food industry and whether or not it is affected by good or bad appraisal system used by the organisation. The primary research is conducted on the employees of the retail store to get the exact scenario of their present working conditions and their psychological contract with a focus on the performance review policy of the organisation. 1.3 Background of the company Investigated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ so thats why mums go to Iceland! Iceland began business in 1970, when Malcolm Walker opened the first store in Oswestry, Shropshire with his business partners Peter Hinchcliffe, Colin Harris, Thomas Duffin and John Apthorp investing  £30 each. This was for only one months rent at their Shropshire store. They were all still employees of Woolworths at the time, and their employment was terminated once their employer discovered their job on the side. Iceland initially specialized in loose frozen food. By 1975, there were 15+ Iceland outlets in North Wales, with the first supermarket-style outlet opening in Manchester a couple of years later. The firms head office moved to Deeside, Flintshire in 1979. Iceland was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, by which stage it had 81 outlets. In 1989 Iceland bought its competitor Bejam which was some three times larger in terms of business. By January 2004, the combined chain had 760 stores throughout the United Kingdom. Finding the retail market more hostile in the late 1990s, Iceland pursued avenues for differentiation. In 1998, the firm began to focus on providing organic food and genetically modified-free food. This policy saw the company convert its entire frozen vegetable range to organic in 2000. In 1999, Iceland launched what it claimed to be the first nationwide, free, online grocery shopping service. This tied in with the rebranding of all outlets under the Iceland.co.uk. However, the rebranding exercise appears to have been quietly abandoned in the early 2000s, as the unadorned Iceland name is now used more widely, although some stores still have the Iceland.co.uk name on display. Iceland was renamed the Big Food Group in Feb 2002, and attempted a refocus on the convenience sector with a bid for Londis. Grimsey remained until the takeover and demerger of the Big Food Group by a consortium led by the Icelandic company, Baugur Group in February 2005. Since Malcolm Walkers return to the company, Iceland has reduced the workforce by 500 jobs at the Deeside Head Office, with approximately 300 jobs moved in September as a result of a relocation of a distribution warehouse from Deeside to Warrington. During July 2006, 300 workers took industrial action with the support of their union, blocking several Lorries from entering the depot. Despite this, the transfer to Warrington took place and the new warehouse was later outsourced to DHL in April 2007. In January 2009, Iceland announced that it would buy 51 stores in the UK from the failed Woolworths Group chain; three days after the final 200 Woolworths stores closed their doors for the last time. In April 2009, Iceland announced plans to close its appliance showrooms by September 2009 to concentrate on food retailing. Icelands sales for the year ended 27 March 2009 were  £2.08 billion, a 16% increase on the previous year, with net profits of  £113.7 million. Iceland is a successful and growing business, and to maintain our momentum we want to help all our people to fulfil their ambitions and realise their potential.   We take pride in our training and development, and our 2009 staff survey showed that 87% of our employees considered that they had all the training they needed to do their job well.   In addition to paying close attention to the results of these regular surveys, we conduct individual performance reviews designed to identify strengths, ambition and potential, and are strongly committed to providing opportunities for those who wish to develop their careers within Iceland.   Over 60% of our store managers have attained their positions through internal promotion. Currently Iceland is having over 750 stores through out the UK. And more than 18000 employees work within Iceland food ltd. Iceland have employees hand book that is handed over to the employees during the induction. This employees handbook is basically designed for the frontline staffs, which includes the entire details of the induction procedure, probationary period, performance appraisal, disciplinary, dress policy, dignity at work and grievance procedures and other important elements of the contract. The entire information on the Icelands was known to the author with the help of store manager of the Iceland food ltd. And from the Iceland food ltd website and staff hand book. AIM The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee. Objectives To examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract. To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal. To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd. To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract. 1.6 Overview of the Study The dissertation will be presented in a series of the following chapters. Brief description of each chapter is written below with a diagrammatic representation (Figure 1.0 and Table 1.0 Overview of the study). Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Methodology Chapter 4 Results Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation Introduction: This chapter gives the introduction to the study, covering the aim and objectives of the study. It includes the statement of purpose and the background of the company investigated. Literature Review: This chapter provides the critical analysis of all the secondary research conducted by the author on the performance appraisal, psychological contract followed by the discussion of the effects of former on latter. Methodology: This chapter explains the research aim and the research process undertaken by the author to fulfil the research questions outlined in previous chapter. It also includes the primary method conducted by the author to gather the research data. Results: This chapter includes the findings of the primary research conducted by the author. It also includes the charts and graphs that explain the findings of the research. Discussion and Analyses: This chapter includes analyses of the finding of the primary research. It also includes the comments of the interviews as well as analyse the outcome of the survey conducted by the author. Conclusion and Recommendation: This is the final chapter of the study which will give a synopsis of all the findings and cross refer it with the objectives stated in the initial chapter. It will also offer the recommendations for further research. Chapter 5 Discussion and Analyses CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction A literature review as defined by Fink (2005:3) is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesising the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fink 2005, p.3) AIM The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee. Objectives To examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract. To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal. To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd. To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract. To draw conclusion and make recommendation about the effectiveness performance appraisal method on the employees of Iceland food ltd. This section therefore, attempts to review some related literature relevant to this study. Moreover this literature review seeks to justify the uniqueness of this study in the light of the works of other known scholars in the field of performance assessment strategies on the psychological contract, focusing on the performance appraisal method used by Iceland food ltd, U.K. This section is arranged into themes in line with the research objectives and questions outlined in the preceding chapter. The review will begin with the purpose of the psychological contract and the appraisal method, followed by the different types of the appraisal methods. Then the performance appraisal method used by the Iceland food ltd U.K. will be critically reviewed and how the performance appraisal affect the psychological contract between the employer and employee will be discussed. Lastly the advantages and limitations of this factor and the importance of this study will be presented. In addition, a recent view is of Conway and Briner where they define : What Psychological Contract is ? To examine the concept of the psychological contract, a review of existing definitions and research needs to be assessed. Origins of the term psychological contract derived from Argyris in the 1960s who referred to it as the implicit understanding between a group of employees and their foreman, while Schein in 1965 further developed the concept focussing on the high level relationship between the employee and the organisation (Wellin 2007). Furthermore, Kotter in 1973 (as quoted within Roehling 1997) described the psychological contract as, an implicit contract between an individual and his organisation which specifies what each expects to give and receive from each other in their relationship. (Kotter as quoted within Roehling 1997 p.210) psychological contract as, the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other (Conway and Briner (2005) as quoted within CIPD 2009) However, Rousseau (1995) (as quoted in Guerrero and Herrbach 2007) believes that the psychological contract is formulated in the minds of the employees, individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation. (Rousseau (1995) as quoted within Guerrero and Herrbach 2007 p.4) Taking all that into consideration, the nature of the psychological contract can be seen as the implicit unwritten expectations and beliefs that one holds in relation to their employment relationship. These contracts can be highly subjective and what makes them binding is what they are perceived to be (Hughes and Palmer 2007). Conway and Briner (2002) state that the beliefs refer to employee perceptions of the explicit and implicit promises regarding the exchange of the employee contributions such as effort, ability and loyalty for organisational inducements such as pay, promotion and security. Moreover, Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker (2003) supports this statement by stipulating that workers are expected to input their skills, time, effort, commitment and loyalty to the organisation in return of wages, benefits, job security, opportunity to progress their achievement, power, status and affiliations. Witte et al. (2008) clarifies further that the idea of balance is key to these mutual exchanges within this dynamic and informal contract so that the employee feels that what is offered by the organisation balances what the individual brings to the relationship. Perceived imbalance could consequently result in the perception of contract violation. The CIPD (2005) highlighted a simplified Guest model (1996) of the p sychological contract as illustrated in Figure 2.1. The influencing factors that feed into the contract include the human resource practices, organisational content and the individual characteristics of the employee. The psychological contract content can be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the amount of which the implicit deal or contract is perceived as being delivered in reflection of a set of obligations or some sort of exchange (Guest 1996). The outcomes as a result of the content of the contract are the employee attitudes and behaviours. The CIPD (2005) found that employees attitudes of trust, fairness and delivery of the deal are major determents to gaining a psychological contract which creates employee commitment and satisfaction. Robinson (1996) (as quoted within Bosch-Sjtsema 2007) claimed that expectations are often shaped by past experience, social norms and observations that are influencing factors to the contract. It was also asserted by Rousseau (2001) that these promise based psychological contracts take the form of a mental model or schema over time. She found that an employees pre-employment experiences, recruiting practices within the company and on the job socialisation as influencing factors to the formation of these schemas which may differ the content or form that an individuals psychological contract takes. 2.1 The Purpose of Psychological Contract According to Bloisi et al., (2003; p.123) the psychological contract is considered as workers implicit expectations about what they are expected to contribute to an organisation and what they will receive in return (Bloisi et al., 2003 p. 123) In a similar way Schein (1965) defined that The notion of a psychological contract implies that there is an unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between every member of an organisation and the various managers and others in that organisation (Schein 1965 as quoted within Armstrong 2003, p 297). According to Hiltrop (1995), it has been noticed there is a significant rate of change of the economic environment in which the organisations work during the last twenty years. Increasing competition, globalisation of markets has demanded greater flexibility and productivity of organisations, as well as new strategies focused on innovation and speed. In the psychological contract the perceived responsibility of an organization influenced by employees expectation ( Cheong Kim 2009). As a result, the terms of old psychological contract has changed radically which earlier gave security, stability and predictability to the relationship between employer and employee (Hiltrop, 1995 p. 286 287). Moreover, the above definition stated by Schein (1965) was amplified by Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1994) who stated that Psychological contracts refer to beliefs that individuals hold regarding promises made, accepted and relied upon themselves and another. (In case of organisations, these parties include an employee, client, manager, and/or organisation as a whole.) Because psychological contracts represent how people interpret promises and commitments, both parties in the same employment relationship (employer and employee) can have different views regarding specific terms. (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1994 p. 463-89) Guest and Conway (1998) summarise stating that since the psychological contract is not written down formally it lacks the characteristics of the formal contract due to which it has no beginning and no end and which is why it cannot be enforced in a court or a tribunal. Guest and Conway (1998) also believe that: The psychological contract is best seen as a metaphor; a word or a phrase borrowed from another context which help us make sense of our experience. The psychological contract is a way of interpreting the state of the employment relationship and helping to plot significant changes (Guest and Conway, 1998 as quoted in Armstrong, 2003 p. 298). 2.1.1 The importance of Psychological Contract The importance of the psychological contract was emphasized by Schein (1965) suggests that the extent to which people work effectively and are committed to the organisation depends on the degree to which their own expectation of what the organisation will provide them and in return what the organisation expects of them; and the nature of what actually is exchanged for example, money in exchange for time at work, security in exchange for hard work and loyalty, and various combinations of other things (Schein, 1965 as quoted within Armstrong, 2003, p 299). The HR profession will have significant role to play in the management and balancing of the general or specific psychological contracts of employees. The HR function can act as a focal point for helping to discover employees expectations through collective channels or individual mechanisms, while seeking to provide for the meeting of employees expectations (e.g. Sims, 1994) (Holden and Breadwell, 2001 p. 546). The HR professionals must make sure that different facets of human resource management and the different managers shape and support the psychological contracts in consistent, integrated and balanced manner, (Rousseau and Greller, 1994 p. 385-401). If employees feel that their psychological contract has been disrupted or breached, and then they may withhold or withdraw from the relationships, consciously or unconsciously, (Spindler, 1994: 326- 327). 2.1.2 The Guest model of Psychological Contract This model was formulated by Guest et al, 1996 suggests that the contract should be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the extent to which the explicit deal or contract is perceived to be delivered. Figure 2.1: A Model of the psychological contract Causes Organisational culture HRM policy and practice Experience Expectations Alternatives Consequences Fairness Trust The delivery of the deal Content Organisational citizenship Organisational commitment Motivation Satisfaction and well-being Source: Guest et al, 1996 The simplified Guest model of the psychological contract as illustrated above in Figure 2.1 (as quoted in CIPD 2006) defines it in terms of linkage between the inputs, being the HR practices; the employee features and the companys characteristics together with the content, being the fairness and trust and finally the outputs being the employees behaviour; work performance and delivery. ODonnell and Shields (2002) believes that Guests extended model of the psychological contract (from employee perspective) represents a particularly useful way of understanding the attitudinal and behavioural impact of employment practices at the level of the individual employee (Guest 1998: 659-60) Hiltrop (1995) states that this psychological contract has two important aims, the first for providing a gauge for employers of the type of outputs they are going to obtain from employees and secondly by employees contributing their time and effort for the level of rewards they will receive. 2.1.3 The changing nature of the Psychological Contract According to Hiltrop (1995), there is considerable evidence that shows the changing of the psychological contract in the past decades. Now the employers want to know in advance the outcome of the employees efforts and employees want to know what reward he will get in exchange of the hard work and time spend in the organisation. De Meuse and Tornow (1990) stated that since the 1970s, however, the force that connect employers and employees has become severely stressed organisations deal with the need to cut costs and enhance efficiency, have ever more compacted their workforce and eradicated some of the elements (job security, regular promotions up the corporate ladder, annual wage increases, cheap mortgages, etc.) offered as a rule to employees in the earlier decades (De Meuse and Tornow 1990 p. 203-13). Moreover, people fill in the blanks along the way, and they sometimes do so inconsistently (Rousseau, 1994 as quoted in Hiltrop, 1995 p. 287). In addition to the above context, Kolb et al., (1991) have pointed out that a company staffed by cheated individuals who expect far more than they get is headed for trouble (Kolb et al., 1991 as stated in Hiltrop, 1995 p.287). Conversely, optimistically, some organisations are trying to develop steps that can increase mutuality and to endow with scale for tangential career development and enhance knowledge and skills through opportunities for learning. It has been recognised that the organisations can no longer provide a guaranteed long term job to the employees; they have to take responsibilities to build their skills and give a path for career development. In other words they take steps to improve employability (Armstrong, 2003 p. 302). Two diagrammatic representations are given below which shows the differences between the old and new employment contract by Kissler (1994) and the changing nature of the psychological contract by Hiltrop (1995). Figure 2.2: Difference between the old and new contract. OLD Relationship is predetermined and imposed You are who you work for and what you do Loyalty is defined by performance Employees who do what they are told will work till retirement NEW Relationship is mutual and negotiated You are defined by multiple roles, many external to the organisation Loyalty is defined by output and quality People and skills only needed when required Long-term employment is unlikely; expect and prepare for multiple relationships Source: Kissler, 1994, p. 335-52 Figure 2.3: Changing Psychological Contract . FROM Imposed relationship (compliance, command and control) Permanent employment relationship Focus on promotion Finite job duties Meet job requirements Emphasise on job security and loyalty to the company Training provided by organisation TO Mutual relationship (commitment, participation and involvement) Variable employment relationship people and skills only obtained or retained when required Focus on lateral career development Multiple roles Add value Emphasis on employability and loyalty to own career and skills Opportunities for self-managed learning Source: Hiltrop 1995, p 286-294. Hiltrop (1995) also suggests that a new psychological contract is emerging which is more situational and short term that assumes that each party is less dependent on the other for survival and growth. This new contract was described by Hiltrop (1995) as a worker being employed as long as they provide added value to the company and in return they expect the right to demand interesting and important work with the freedom and resources to perform it well along with performance related pay and training and development. However Armstrong (2006) argued that this could hardly be classified as a balanced contract because employers still dictate their workers employment terms and conditions apart from cases where workers are in demand and there is little supply of skills. Mant (1996) (as quoted within Armstrong 2006) classified workers as resources that are acquired or divested according to shortterm economic circumstances, therefore having little influence over the terms of the contract that their employer offers them. Additionally Taylor (2008) claims that the new relationship is less emotional and is simply an economic exchange, thus moving from relational to transactional. Organisations that are now adopting the rationale behind the use of the flexible firm model (Atkinson 1984) will have developed diverse types of psychological contracts among their workforce. Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1995) (as quoted within McDonald and Making 2000) found that temporary staff usually have a transactional contract with significance given to the economic elements of the contract, whilst permanent staff are more likely to have a relational contract involving commitment to the organisation. Additionally Guest (2004) found that the content of temporary workers psychological contract is narrower, transactional and easier to manage on both the employers and employees behalf which temporary workers preferred. An investigation into the company Flexco (Saunders and Thornhill 2005) found that forced change within the company structure through downsizing changed the psychological contract of those on permanent and temporary employment contracts. After the changes it was reported that the temporary workers contained mostly transactional expectations and most permanent employees were found to have relational expectations. However, there were a few exceptions regarding permanent employees, who felt that the changes had violated their contract in terms of interpersonal treatment. These employees felt insecure, and worried that they may face a temporary contract in the future, which emphasises that they no longer felt as though their job was secure. 2.2 The purpose of the performance appraisal. Performance assessment is one of the many people management techniques that classify and order individual hierarchically (Townley, 1994, p.33). A performance appraisal is the process by which a manager evaluates an employees work performance by measurement and comparison with previously established standards (Palmer, 1991 p. 1). According to Palmer (1991), there are two major purpose of conducting performance appraisals. One purpose is to provide the information for the administrative decision making such as the increment of salary, bonuses, promotion and the administrative actions that can be brought by the work performance of the employee. This also helps the organisation to decide whether to introduce for instance, a new incentive system or to improve the present pay and promotion methods. In other words, it is a vehicle to validate and refine organisational actions. For example, it has been noticed in the appraisal data that one of the employee has constant conflicts with the fellow colleague or with the supervisor or manager. Some options can be concluded from the above case, which is, showing more importance to the interpersonal skill while recruiting the new staff or encouraging the present employee to attend the sessions on the conflict management offered by various colleges or providing the employee with one-to-one counselling (Billikopf, 2003 p. 60). The other major purpose is to provide feedback to the employees on their work performance based on the standards established on the job description and analysis. Feedback provided by the supervisor or the manager give the employees an opportunity to develop their career path within the organisation. Feedback can be positive or constructive. Positive appraisal has many benefits and beneficiar

The Battle Of Iwo Jima

The Battle Of Iwo Jima During World War II on February 19, 1945, the United States of America and the Empire of Japan fought for Iwo Jima, a small island approximately 660 miles away from Japan. Codenamed Operation Detachment by the United States, the battle lasted for 35 days, ending on March 26, 1945, and it remains the largest battle in Marine Corps history, with some 75,144 men being deployed to fight (Frank). The battle of Iwo Jima also marked the first time that American casualties were higher than Japanese casualties in an amphibious assault. American casualties reached 24,733 while Japanese casualties were a little over 21,570 (Frank Naval History). This number was due to the leadership of the Japanese during the battle. The general who was in command of the Japanese forces at Iwo Jima was Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi. During the battle for Iwo Jima, Lieutenant General Kuribayashi would show that he was one of Japans finest Generals. In preparation for the upcoming battle, Lieutenant General Kuribayashi chose to focus his defense on the Northern two-thirds of Iwo Jima, instead on the beaches where the United States would land troops (Frank). Kuribayashi knew that Japan would not beat the United States, simply because of the amount of soldiers the United States would send. Knowing this, Kuribayashi decided to not focus his efforts on the southern beaches and lose quickly to a superior American force, but instead Kuribayashi decided to create strong defensive positions on the rest of the island to increase the amount of American casualties. It was Kuribayashis belief that if his forces could inflict enough American casualties, the United States would not be compelled to invade Japan, fearin g that they would lose too many soldiers. In the Pacific Campaign of World War II, the United States used a strategy called island hopping, where the United States would attack a Japanese controlled island, capture it, and then repeat the process until they got to Japan. This was the United States strategy to defeat Japan, and the island of Iwo Jima was the next island to be captured. Iwo Jima was also strategically important because of the airfields located on it (Burrell). Iwo Jima was close enough to Japan where the United States could use the airfields on Iwo Jima to attack Japan through the air with B-29 bombers. This was the main reason why Japan defended the island so heavily. While the island of Iwo Jima was defensively important to the defense of mainland Japan, it was of little offensive importance because by this time Japans strategy was strictly based of the defense of mainland Japan. One Japanese officer described Iwo Jimas offensive relevance as such, Our first line Army and Naval air forces had been exhausted in the recent Philippines Operation. The anticipation to restore our air forces, bringing their combined number to 3,000 planes, could materialize only by March or April and even then, mainly because the types of airplanes and their performance proved to be impracticable for operations extending beyond 550 miles radius, we could not use them for operations in the Bonin Islands area (Burrell). Before the actually land invasion began, the United States bombed the southern part of Iwo Jima, three days before where they would land their troops. This is where American intelligence significantly failed in two ways. It underestimated Kuribayashis forces by at least a third, and completely missed Kuribayashis intent to make his last stand at the north end of the island, instead of facing the Americans head on at the south end. These errors ended up causing the misdirection of the three day bombardment, the heaviest of the war, to the southern landing beaches, instead of focusing on the northern side of the island, where the majority of Kuribayashis forces would be. When the land invasion did begin, Americans forces were met with no resistance by the Japanese. Instead of attacking the landing forces head on, the Japanese waited for the Americans to advance onto the beach, than ambushed them as they closed in towards the Japanese position. Not only did the ambush cause a great number of initial American casualties, it was difficult for the marines to fight back due to the terrain of the beach. Instead of the beach being made out of sand, it was full of volcanic ash, which made it hard for the landing forces to dig into the ground and defend themselves. One marine described it as, trying to fight in a bin of loose wheat (Frank). American forces were able to eventually break the Japanese line, and on February 23, 1945, the southern end of Iwo Jima was captured by American forces. As the United States pushed forward, they were met with heavy resistance from the Japanese who were well fortified and prepared to face the enemy. The more up north the United States went, the harder it became for them to fight. The Japanese had dug many bunkers into the terrain, and were successful at using ambush tactics against the marines which only made their advance more difficult. As the battle continued, marines started better adapting to fighting the Japanese on rough terrain, and with their superior forces drove the Japanese back until they could retreat no more. Marines fought for a long and tiring 35 days until on March 26, 1945, the island was officially said to be secure by American forces. In addition to being a historic battle in World War II, the battle of Iwo Jima has also had a significant effect on American culture. You can see traces of the battle in many art forms and popular media in America. The Raising of the Flag on Iwo Jima, a picture taken by American photographer Joe Rosenthal, depicts five marines and navy corpsman raising the flag on Mount Suribachi, at the southern end of Iwo Jima, on February 23, 1945. The photograph became a symbol for American patriotism during World War II, and the picture was even commemorated by being put on a postage stamp. You can also see the battle depicted in a movie directed by Clint Eastwood called Letters from Iwo Jima. In the movie Clint Eastwood shows the battle of Iwo Jima from the Japanese side, depicting what Japanese soldiers experienced as the battle was fought. The movie won an Academy Award for best sound editing, and was nominated for three more for its depiction of the historic battle. In conclusion, the battle of Iwo Jima was one of the most important battles in the Pacific front World War II. With the United States successfully able to capture the island of Iwo Jima, they acquired the airfields on the island. With these airfields now under United States control, B-29 bombers would now be able to use the island to launch aerial assaults towards Japan, and would be able to use it as a fueling station closer to Japan. The battle also showed the United States how far the Japanese were willing to go to defend their homeland. Out of the initial more than 20,000 force, only 1,083 Japanese soldiers were captured alive (Frank). This showed the United States that Japanese soldiers were willing to fight to the death to defend their home, and that if the United States was planning on invading Japan, the amount of casualties would have been catastrophic.

A Comparison of Greek and Norse Mythology Essay -- essays research pap

Hundreds of years ago people did not have the technology to explain different forces of nature. They created gods, each with separate powers, to rule their domains. Some of the gods were merciful, some were wicked, and others were merely servants of more powerful gods. Looking at the gods, it is easy to tell what the civilization most valued. I am going to look at the Greek and the Norse gods to compare what was most important to their societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both cultures had a king of the gods. In Greek mythology there is no god who is more powerful than Zeus. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea, ruler of the Titans. Cronus was told that one of his children would overthrow him, taking control of his kingdom. To be sure this would not happen, Cronus swallowed his first five children: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Rhea could not bear to see another one of her children, devoured so she replaced Zeus with a rock wrapped in swaddling. Cronus, thinking he ate Zeus, left Rhea time to leave Zeus in a cave where he was raised by a divine goat, Amaltheia (pantheon/odin). After Zeus was grown he went back to Cronus with the help of Gaia and Metis, who made an elixir to cause Cronus to vomit his brothers and sisters. Zeus then led the fights against the Titan dynasty. Afterwards they banished the Titans to Tartarus, the lowest place on earth, even lower than the underworld. Zeus and his brothers then drew str aws to find who would rule where. Zeus gained rule of the sky, Poseidon ruled the seas, and Hades ruled the underworld (pantheon/odin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zeus is the god of law, justice, morals, thunder, lightning, and rain. It was his job to oversee and make sure laws were being kept. He was worshipped originally as a weather god. He was depicted as a middle-aged man with a youthful appearance; he was regale and was almost always shown ready to throw a lightning bolt (pantheon/zeus).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odin is the ruler of the gods in Norse mythology. He was stuck by his own spear pinned to the World Tree. There he learned nine songs and eighteen runes. Odin lives in Asgard; from his throne he observes everything that happens in the nine worlds. Valhalla is a hall in Asgard where the dead warriors are taken; Odin is also known to reside there (pantheon/odin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Odin is the... ...sions of the mythology, it is easy to tell what the cultures held in high regard. The Greeks were a civil people; their chief deity was a god of law, justice, and morals. The Norse, on the other hand, were a people of war. Their chief god was a god of war and death, and the only way to Valhalla was to die honorably in battle. Examining these mythologies is an excellent way to show the similarities and differences of the two cultures. References http://edweb.sdsu/people/bdodge/scffold/GG/titans.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://encyclopdia.thefreedictionary.com/Norse%20Giants 1 page, accessed April 7, 2004 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0823459.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://www.messagenet.com/myths/bios/hades.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://www.pentheon.com/articles/o/odin.html 1 page, accessed April 7, 2004. Created on March 3 1997, Modified Feb. 12, 2004. Encyclopedia Mythica 1995-2004 http://www.pentheon.com/articles/z/zeus.html 2 page, accessed April 7, 2004. Created on March 3 1997, Modified March 19. 12, 2004. Encyclopedia Mythica 1995-2004 Long, Gareth, http://webhome.indirect.com/~delong 3 pages Accessed April 12, 2004

Sicilian Meta-Network Essay -- Social Issues, Mafioso Families

Mafioso families have network structures that are distinct from those in typical hierarchical organizations—they are cellular and distributed. While most politicians and law enforcement agents have at least an intuitive understanding of hierarchies and how to affect their behavior, they have less of an understanding of how to even go about reasoning about dynamic networked organizations (Ronfelt and Arquilla, 2001). It is even more difficult to understand how such networks will evolve, change, adapt and how they can be destabilized. Clearly social network analysis can be applied to the study of covert networks (Sparrow, 1991). However, it would be a mistake to assume that in order to understand these networks we just need to â€Å"connect the dots† and then isolate the â€Å"key† actors who are often defined in terms of their â€Å"centrality† in the network. To an extent, this is right, as in the case of bridging members embedded within patron-client networks. However, within covert networks such as Cosa Nostra, this assumption belies the difficulty of â€Å"connecting the dots† in terms of mining vast quantities of information, pattern matching on characteristics for mafiosi who often go under multiple aliases, and still ending up with information the may be intentionally misleading, inaccurate, out-of-date, and incomplete. Further, this belies the difficulty in â€Å"knowing† who is the most central when you have at best only a sample of the network. Finally, and critically, this approach does not contend with the most pressing problem—the underlying network is dynamic. Just because you isolate a key actor today does not mean that the network will be destabilized and unable to respond. Rather, it is possible, that isolating such an actor may have... ...ertise is critical. This is particularly applicable to Cosa Nostra considering that, according to Gambetta, mafiosi are highly specialized according to specific tasks. (Gambetta 67) There are two key themes underlying these results. First, it is easier to determine how to impact the performance or the flow of information through an organization than it is to determine exactly how it will adapt. It is easier to destabilize a network than to determine what new goals it will form or new tasks it will take on. This is a function of our lack of knowledge about the processes of adaptation other than learning. Second, the relative impact of destabilization strategies strongly depends on the underlying organizational architecture, that is, on the meta-network itself. As such, a key interpretation of these results is in terms of destabilizing different classes of networks.

Comparison †Rendezvous and American Psycho Essay

Rendezvous and American Psycho both have an antihero – a narcissistic psychopath, but do they at all have more in common? And are the two antiheroes comparable? American Psycho is a psychological thriller with satire, black comedy and horror. Rendezvous is a psychological short story. The American Psycho takes place in New York in the mid-eighties. Patrick Bateman is the main character, a young, good looking man who works at an investment firm called Pierce and Pierce. He spends his leisure time among his extremely wealthy friends and colleagues from the yuppie class. In the yuppie culture, which started under the boom in the eighties, the stereotype is a greedy antithetical well-paid man in the financial sector with a conspicuous personal consumption. A stereotype which could as well be a description of Patrick Bateman. He is successful, rich and engaged, seemingly a good life. He eats at the right places, wears the right designer clothes, drinks the right drinks and listens to the right pop music on the right stereo. But Payton is simply empty, he does not have a self. In his search for identity and need for social integration in the yuppie class he get obsessed with the images narrated incessantly by pop music, advertising, movies and the television. He tries to find his identity through consumer products, or more the product narratives. In his battle for identity his self becomes commercial, his whole identity and conception of reality gets composed by mass medias narratives – I consume, therefore I am. He believes in the rewards implicitly promised in advertising and he has undertaken from his culture the belief that consumption somehow will satisfy him. But Bateman does not feel the satisfaction, and the rewards are never as promised. Therefore Bateman has to get the satisfaction otherwise, which results in him killing and torturing people – from prostitutes and homeless to models and colleagues. Even when he murders, he have to find his identity elsewhere. When he murders his colleague, Paul Allen, he find inspiration in axe-murders. Afterwards he uses Paul Allens name to commit crimes – he tortures i. a. Christie and Sabrina in Pauls apartment. He also adopts identity from the chainsaw-massacre in one of his murders. It is possible that the murders also are the result of attempts to live his life after cinematic ideals, because he as mentioned builds his identity of narratives, among the cinema. The murders does not seem to have any rational reason – he is neither advantaged nor protected by them. Bateman is best characterized as immoral, extremely narcissistic and, as he says himself in the monologue at the start, greedy. A funny detail which underline Batemans narcissism is that he have reflective surfaces all over his house, for instance his kitchen, made in high-reflective materials, and the big mirrors in his bedroom. Many times through the movie Bateman is asked about his line of work. â€Å"I’m into, uh, murders and executions, mostly. † At last he confesses all his murders on his lawyers answering machine. When Bateman next day confronts him with it, he thinks it is a joke but with â€Å"†¦one fatal flaw. Bateman is such a dork. Such a boring, spineless lightweight. Now, if you’d said Bryce†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and when Bateman tries to convince him he says that it cannot be true â€Å"because I had dinner with Paul Allen twice in London just ten days ago. † It is a funny, equivocal statement. Everyone in his social circle looks like him. No one listens to him, since everyone around him are just as empty and self-absorbed as him. Through the movie he becomes more insane and kills more and more people. At the end-monologue he confesses that â€Å"there are no more barriers to cross† He wants his pain to be inflicted on others, and even after admitting this he feels no catharsis. His confession has meant nothing. Bateman is not just a psycho – he is an American psycho. He is a consumer which does not feel satisfied by consuming and he builds his identity on impossible narratives by mass media and in his hunting for satisfaction and identity kills. Bateman is actually a victim of narratives, he is in a state of chaos because â€Å"inside doesn? t matter†, the perception by others define ones identity and not the actual actions and thoughts. He is in a world of narratives where everything which cannot have a price mark is worthless – and he believes it, and form his identity subsequently. Bateman’s search for identity through consumer goods, does not make him more satisfied, his consumer lust transforms into bloodlust. Rendezvous have two main characters, Payton and Kim, it takes place on an interstate in USA. Kim is a 15-year-old girl in tenth grade, doing a little youth rebellion – or the way she sees it, proving a point. She regrets a little that she is not at home, eating dinner, instead of being out in the cold, but tries to stay cool. At least she has a great story to tell her friends. She is almost a stereotypical runaway. Payton is selfish and have – as Patrick Bateman – some narcissistic traits. It is implicitly told that he has murdered five people ,â€Å"the priest wasn? t even sympathetic about him sending the flowers and visiting the funeral home, which he had done three out of five times after he d gone out on the Interstate. We must assume that Payton have killed people, even though it is not definitely. The same applies to Bateman, where the clean apartment, his many drawings of murders, and the lawyer who says he had lunch in London ten days ago, may indicate that all the murders was Batemans fantasy. Since the story ends with the rendezvous between Payton and Kim, where Kim hitch a lift, opens a door and hears loud drums, we must suppose that the five killings Payton have committed are on hitchhikers. Even though he does not seem to understand the priest, he have sense of guilt for his murders, but tries to entitle them or play them down. Payton properly hope to get some â€Å"indulgence† by sending the flowers and tell the priest – why else would he meet and tell the priest? When the priest says it is wrong and he should tell the police, he tries to convince himself that the priest is senseless and forget what the he have said, by speeding up. He has a cobra tattoo which tells us something about his personality, a cobra symbolizes something bad, sneaky and dangerous. Maybe it could also symbolize temptation referring to Adam and Eve, where the snake coaxed Eve into sinning, which explains why he have killed several people. He is fixed at the outer assets, he have the two ultimate male status symbols, a Firebird and a Budweiser. The firebird is an expensive car with high status and self-promotion build in. His mood changes after the music, indicating that he is spontaneous and impulsive. Rendezvous and American Psycho have not much in common, except for the two narcissistic psychopathic antiheroes, Payton and Bateman. Their murders have no rational reason and they both attach importance to the outer assets. Apart from that they do not have much in common. Payton is cynic, but Bateman even more and also clarified. I do not think Payton? s murders are a fight for identity. American Psycho handles some completely other subjects than Rendezvous. As I see it, the American Psycho questions the consumer mindset and the narratives in the mass media. I see no obvious subject in Rendezvous. It could be a search for excitement and new adventures, which both Payton and Kim does.

How does Stevenson explore duality in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Essay

The intellection of dichotomy, in this illustration, of pile demonstrationing wave-particle duality of character, macrocosm two faced, of showing assembly lineing sides to a person, was of more interest to race in the new-make 19th century, due to the centering it reflected upon their fellowship, and was a key concept of gothic belles- permittres written at the time. In this essay, I shall guarantee how Stevenson explores this, the techniques and methods he uses, and the right smart in which he shows us how duality is significant in puritanic society.The curious Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was angiotensin-converting enzyme of the first saucys to reintroduce the gothic literary genre, and thus has several(prenominal) elements that be common to other Gothic novels, which I shall explore in this chapter. With Gothicism cosmos a genre of horror fiction, nigh all Gothic novels have tumesce-nigh kind of junkie as the obstructer. Mr Hyde, although princi pally suppo canvasd as hu humanity (a point which I will explore further after on), is quite obviously a titan in the original sense, that is, a being of pure darkness and sadism. He is draw as a repulsive, grotesque person, for mannequin, by Mr Enfield There is many an(prenominal)thing wrong with his appearance something displeasing, something right-down detestable he gives a quick feeling of deformity, although I couldnt cook the point.The fact that his features are non authentically described, but only hinted on vaguely, is in any campaign primal it is common for Gothic guards to prey upon the fear of the unknown. Hyde as a monster is only ever witnessed through with(predicate) the eyes of others, in other words, at no point in the novel do we get an explanation from his viewpoint. This is in any case another Gothic technique, designed to de-humanise the monster if we could see things from its perspective, we could sympathise with it, indeed this is not allowe d.In this novel, the idea of a monster is combined with another Gothic element the double. The double is the idea of duality taken to an extreme, physical level a character who has two different forms, oft with whiz being s headspring-behaved, the other evil. e actuallyday doubles in Gothic literature include werewolves, people who transform from unfluctuating humans into a wolf form, and vampires, people who, by night, become blood-sucking monsters. Hyde is the double of Jekyll although he has a different form, he is not an entirely dissipate person, but is the evil side of Jekyll. By creating Hyde, Jekyll allows himself to express his inward desires, without receiving the consequences, such as shame, guilt, or a loss of respect and reputation. This is part of one of the key themes of the handwriting, which is exposing duality in strait-laced society, that will be explored later.Finally, there is one thing that sets Jekyll and Hyde apart from other Gothic novels. Usually, they are set in really remote places, often in foreign, Catholic countries. This distances the reader from the often scary events happening, however, in Jekyll and Hyde, the fact that it is set in capital of the United Kingdom makes the events seem much closer and real, and thusly scarier. Other than this minor point, however, it is easy to see how Stevenson uses the Gothic genre to explore duality in the book.Stevenson in like manner uses a finicky style of musical composition and a transmutation of techniques that dish out to explore duality, for example, the story is highborn as The Case of, which, as well(p) as being a case as in a special(a) event, it is in some ways presented just about as a legal case. As the story unfolds, we see Mr Utterson on an investigation, with turn out in the form of accounts from Mr Enfield, the maid and others, as well as various garner and the will made by Dr Jekyll. At the quit of the book, we get the full statements of the two main witnesses, Dr Jekyll and Dr Lanyon. As noted before, Mr Hydes recollection of the events is never known.By writing in this way, Stevenson clearly shows us contrast between the protagonist prosecutor and the antagonist defendant in the book, as well as involving the other characters as to a greater extent neutral witnesses, but leaving it undecided to speculation whether they are in this case necessarily good or bad, exposing their duality, for example with Dr Jekyll, who, although he obviously hates Hyde for his crimes, still continues to desire becoming him for the purposes of expressing his desires.Another technique Stevenson uses is symbolisation, largely in the form of weather, for example, the city streets were fill with smog when Hyde was out, and in chapters 2 and 4, where Utterson and others are trying to find Mr Hyde, there is a thick early-morning fog. This, although common in capital of the United Kingdom at the time, still had associations of secrecy and obscurity, as it was the domain of people like shucks the Ripper, and therefore the perfect setting for the crimes of Mr Hyde. As well as weather, Stevenson used the symbolism of admittances and windows also as metaphors for secrecy. For instance, in Jekylls laboratory, it is always seat the closed locker door that he transforms into Hyde, and it is only when this door is broken down that the mystery story is solved. Also, when Utterson and Enfield go to s natural elevation with Jekyll in Incident at the Window, the window serves as a restriction between Utterson and the truth that Jekyll hides.To understand how the book as a whole expresses duality, it is master(prenominal) to understand how contemporary readers would have viewed and reacted to the book. Obviously, at the time it was published, readers would have not pretend the idea of transforming into an evil doppelgnger was the key to the mystery about Jekyll and Hyde. We should bear in estimation that the some logical solutions a re that Jekyll and Hyde were having a homosexual relationship, that Hyde was the illegitimate son of Jekyll, or that Jekyll was somehow being intimidated and controlled by Hyde, possibly via blackmail or debt contemporary readers would probably have guessed that one of those was the intimately likely to be the case. It is also important to understand how readers would have viewed Hyde.In the late 19th century, many post-Darwinist theories about growth and creationism were being discussed and debated, and people were beginning to own the idea that humans were descended from apes. From this came the idea that people who were socially unacceptable, that is, anyone who did not confirm to the overnice ideals of etiquette and manners, could be regarded as less evolved, and in a way sub-human. This is highly homely with Mr Hyde, who is described as being very short, deformed and ape-like.There is, however, a net point about the readers of the book, which I regard as one of the most i mportant, and it is what made the book so shocking and moot at the time. This is the way in which the book exposes the duality that was present in Victorian society, which is displayed by the important characters in the book. hostelry and culture at the time were ground highly on etiquette and conformity, and of appearing the surmount as possible in public. either persons vices were kept behind closed doors, even with close friends and family, and thus, this fall out to people leading very crystalize public and private lives. In Jekyll and Hyde, Stevenson shows this to some extent with all of the major characters, the most significant of which I shall explore further.Mr Utterson seems to be the most single-track, sincere character, however, he does display moral ambivalence as a lawyer. In his own words, I let my brother go to the dumbfound in his own way. At first, it seems that it is good of him, as a lawyer, to not say people at all, however, although this seems helpful, it can also be bad, for example it means that he will not step in to help someone who is going to the Devil, but rather let them divide things out in their own way. He only seems to change this at the end of the book, and that is only because Poole suspects that Hyde has murdered Dr Jekyll.Mr Carew, an MP, is clearly shown as being a well-mannered refined figure, but because of this, we can not help but wonder why he is out in a comic district of London at night, and what he said to anger Mr Hyde so much (if anything). This shows once again the idea of having a private life, kept hidden and separate from your public life, which is what Carew appears to be doing.Finally, there is Dr Jekyll. throughout the book he is described as a good man, who was respectable, admired by his friends, as someone seen as roughly perfect by Victorian standards. However, infra the public face we can see that his fascination with Mr Hyde is not purely scientific. once he has experienced what it is like to be in Hydes body, he begins to lust it more, this is because, through Hyde, he can do things that are completely unacceptable, even by modern standards. The book suggests that, as well as murder, he practised many sexual perversions, and similar acts. This shows how a man can fall and become a lesser human, as noted before, and that this is achieved by science. At the time, people believed in the idea that humanity could reach a peak level, and then devolve, becoming ape-like once again, Jekyll and Hyde could be seen as a metaphor for this.As you can see, Stevenson uses these characters effectively as well a wide variety of literary techniques and in the style of a Gothic novel to explore duality and how it relates to society at the time.